Mobile marketing is more effective than e-mail marketing Essay

Mobile marketing is more effective than e-mail marketing - Essay Example The researcher states that this era is known as the era of information technology in view of the fact that the innovations brought by the information technology have not only modernized the ways businesses and individuals carry out their tasks but also improved the living standards. With the emergence of the Internet, the majority of people started using it for email and communication purposes. But soon it was replaced with mobile technology. Now the majority of people use mobile phones to complete their daily tasks. Seeing the increasing interest of people in mobile technology, business marketers have started using it for marketing and promotion of business contents. Mobile marketing is a process through which traditional marketing activities are carried out using a mobile phone. Basically, the mobile marketing is the process of using mobile phones to provide customers with location and time specific, custom-made information, which promotes goods, services, and ideas. However, the q uestion is that in this technology based era how effective is mobile marketing. This paper presents a comparison of mobile and email marketing strategies. The basic purpose of this research is to prove the claim that mobile marketing is more effective than email marketing. According to Roach, the current position and modern characteristics of the mobile technology as a one-to-one communication device define that mobile marketing is evocative of an inventive kind of direct marketing. Up till now many researchers have carried out extensive research to determine the factors which have an effect on consumer acceptance of marketing contents distributed through mobile marketing. In addition, various researchers such as (Barnes and Scornavacca), (Barwise and Strong) and Leppaniemi and Karjaluoto) discuss similar ideas. Additionally, their research is based on three key components: first of all there is a need to see that the user has given their approval to take delivery of marketing conte nts to their mobile phone; the level of authority the service provider maintains throughout the transaction, and the level to which the mobile user has trust on the brand being marketed. In the same way, (TRAPPEY and WOODSIDE) and (Merisavo, Kajalo and Karjaluoto) also discuss the features and elements of the marketing material and distribution. They have discussed various factors driving the consumer's level of acceptability (Merisavo, Kajalo and Karjaluoto) and (TRAPPEY and WOODSIDE). On the other hand, thus far, there has been little research committed to discovering the characteristics of this medium, and whether they have an effect on a customers’ decision to agree to or refuse marketing communications delivered straightforwardly to their mobile phone (Roach). Research Methodology This research will be based on the qualitative research methodology. For this purpose, I will collect data from academic journals, marketing books, newspapers and online promotional material in an attempt to support my research. I will analyze some of basic aspects that demonstrate superiority of mobile marketing methods for business promotion. This research will qualitatively assess some of the major aspects to prove how mobile marketing is more efficient than email marketing. Results and Discussion The one of the major problems with trying to reach customers through email is that the majority of business organizations had already made use of this strategy that it can without doubt be considered as spam by the target customers. In this scenario, mobile advertising and mobile marketing are a brilliant way to reach customers, in particular when business

The Need For Depository Systems In India

The Need For Depository Systems In India With the existence of 23 recognized stock exchanges, Indian capital market has been witnessing rapid growth in recent past. However, this growth has not matched with supporting infrastructure to handle the growing volume of paper that has flooded the market choking and existing system. This has caused problems like delay in transfer, long settlement periods, bad deliveries etc. With the view to globalize Indian capital market in a real sense, the government of India has initiated a number of financial reforms that were initiated in 1991 as part of the structured reforms comprising industrial de-regulation, privatization and globalization. A thigh committee on financial system with Sh. Narsihma Rao as the chairman has set up in 1991, which made for reaching recommendations for banking sector and non-banking financial sector to improve the flexibility and operational efficiency of the markets. Securities Exchange Board of India, Reserve Bank of India, Department of Company Affairs and Ministry of Finance are the important regulatory bodies of the capital market measuring the effective and efficient functioning of the market. SEBI also constituted a number of committees such as G.S. Patel Committee to review the system of carry forward transactions in the stock exchanges, Malegram Committee to review the disclosure practices of companies in primary market, Bhave committee to examine problems pertaining to transport shares. The earlier system, a paper based mode, entails cumbersome legal formalities for the purpose of transfer of securities and settlement of transaction theorem. The earlier system suffered from the following shortcomings, thereby arising the need for depository system, these are Lack of supporting infrastructure, Problems in transactions, Delayed settlements, Soaring costs of transaction, Transactions end up as bad deliveries due to faulty compliance of paper work, mismatch of signatures on transfer deeds with specimen record of the issuer, Theft, mutilation of certificates and other irregularities. The modern system i.e. depository system is the system whereby the transfer and settlement of scrips take place not through transfer deeds and physical delivery of scrips which are traditional but through the modern system of effecting transfer of ownership of securities by means of book entry on the ledgers of the depository without physical movement of scrips. History of stock exchanges The Indian stock markets are nearly 128 years old, with the Bombay stock exchange, the oldest of them functioning since 1875. At present there are 23 recognized stock exchanges. Stock exchanges are the most perfect type of market for securities whether of government and semi-government bodies or other public bodies as also for shares purchases and sales of shares are made in the conditions of the competitions. The bargains that are struck in the trading ring by the members of the stock exchanges are at the fairest prices determined by the basic laws of supply and demand. Development in the capital market The reforms for Indian capital market is mainly focused on market regulation, primary market functioning, secondary markets trading, development of a proper debt securities trading market, development of a derivatives market (futures and options), development of an integrated national market system, technological investment in exchanges, investor protection and more foreign portfolio investment in exchanges. SEBI, the regulatory body of the capital market, has been taking various steps and has introduced various guidelines for the efficient functioning of the market and has also constituted various committees to review the existing system and suggestions for further reforms. Deficiencies in the existing system of Scrips Transfer The existing system, a paper based mode, entails cumbersome legal formalities as per section 108 of Indian Companies Act, 1956, for the purpose for transfer of securities and settlement of transaction there on. The present system suffers from the following shortcomings, thereby arising the need for depository system, these are: Lack of supporting Infrastructure Problem in transactions Global Imperatives Problems in dealing with Securities Greater mobility of Securities Cumbersome legal system Need for depository system Indian capital market has been witnessing rapid growth in recent past. However, this growth has not watched with supporting infrastructure to handle the growing volume of paper that has flooded the market, choking our existing system. This has caused problems like delay in transfers, long settlement period, high levels of failed trade and bad deliveries, high-risk exposure etc. These characteristics were normally the attributes of an under developed market. As the market grows, there is need for better system to ensure that such impediment to growth is removed. The foreign investors seeking to invest in India are also apprehensive about the reliability of the post trade settlement mechanism used in India. The biggest deterrent or bottleneck in Indian capital market was largely manual and paper based settlement system that was obsolete for a rapidly growing market. Since 1992, old trading system in Indian stock exchanges has been under constant review. The main deficiencies have been identified in 2 broad areas: The clearing and settlement system in stock exchanges whereby delivery of shares by the seller and payment by the purchaser is made and Procedure for transfer of shares in the name of the purchaser by the company. The new system has eliminated paper work, facilitated electronic book entry of the transfer of securities, permitted automatic and transparent screen based trading in securities, shorter settlement periods and improved liquidity in investment in securities. All this has given impetus to the growth of the capital market in India. The transactions in a stock exchange, earlier involved physical movement of paper (the share certificate) which first changed hand from the seller to buyer on payment of price and subsequently was sent to the company (issuer of the share) for the change of the ownership of the shares to be incorporated in the books of the company. The process of verification of the ownership of the seller and hence validity of the sale took a long time, disabling the purchaser from the selling the shares further while the shares were being transferred in his or her name. Though section 113 of the Companies Act, 1956, stipulates that the company effects the transfer within 2 m onths. In reality transferring shares in ones name took longer. This delay reduced the liquidity of the investor, as during these times, he/she cannot sell the shares. This has proved particularly inconvenient for large investors for whom fast transfers were essential to maintain the liquidity. Apart from this, physical movement of shares also meant the possibility of theft and loss of shares in transit. The magnitude of the problem has increased manifold as the daily turnover in stock exchange has increased considerably. The average daily turnover of BSE itself amounts to Rs. 500 crores with shares of more than 7500 companies, being traded by more than 650 brokers for more than 30 million investors in the country. This has necessitated the use of better and faster transfer system like computerized records as compared to the physical paper (security) Emergence of Depositories There are two depositories that have emerged in India: National Securities Depositories Limited The Honourable Union Finance Minister, Shri. P. Chidambram inaugurated NSDL as the first depository in the country on Nov 8, 1996. It has been promoted by three premier institutions in India the largest mutual fund UTI, the largest stock exchange NSE of India Ltd. Subsequently, the State Bank of India, the largest commercial bank in India has also taken up a stake in NSDL. NSDL provides for electronic ownership, holding and transfer of securities trading in electronic securities on the NSE commenced in Dec, 96 and the first settlement of transactions in electronic securities was successfully completed at NSDL on Jan 7, 1997. The stock exchange Mumbai BSE also extended the facility of trading in electronic securities from December 27, 1997. NSDL is responsible to every individual to every individual investor who holds electronic balances with the depository. The depository participant acts as an agent of NSDL for providing its services to the investors. NSDL has designed the software for the operating systems in such a way that the software systems at the depository participant office are connected. Thus, a highly integrated set up for maintenance of investor accounts through the DPs has been developed and implemented. NSDL has access to all the accounts of individual maintained by the DPs to ensure adequate control. The operating system of NSDL also maintains continuous electronic connectivity with the registrar and transfer departments/agents of the companies whose securities can be dematerialized in NSDL. To all the investors both retail and institutional, NSDL offers the following services: Maintain beneficial holdings through depository participants. Provide for dematerialization and Rematerialisation of securities Dematerialization Rematerialisation Effect account transfers for settlement of trades Allow for receipt of allotment in the electric form Providing pledging, hypothecation facilities for stocks held with it. Receive and disburse corporate actions (only securities) Central Depositories Services Limited This is the second depository after NSDL. This inter connectivity will be established prior to the commencement of business by CDSL. This will facilitate settlement and movement of assets and custody from one depository to another. CDSL has been promoted by the Stock Exchange, Mumbai (BSE), in association with Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, HDFC Bank and Stare Bank of India. It has been able to tie up with as many as 35 brokers till now. CDSL and NSDL both have signed a MoU for inter-depository connectivity on 23rd April 1999. The MoU covers the understanding between the depositories for inter-depository transfers arising out of transactions not settled through the CH/CC (off market). The procedure for inter-depository transfers between CDSL and NSDL arising out of transactions settled through a CH/CH (on market) are expected to be finalized separately. The Depositories Act, 1996 The Depositories Act makes a provision for the setting up of multiple depositories in India. The investor has been granted the option of holding securities in a physical or dematerialized from. Thus it is a matter of choice for the investor as to whether he wants to avail of depository services. The depository has been entrusted with the responsibility of indemnifying beneficial owners for any loss caused due to negligence of the depository or its participants. For holding securities in the depository, the two routes that are adopted by depositories world over as: Immobilization In this the depository holds the securities in the physical form in its own vaults, but transfer of securities takes place through book entries. Dematerialization In this the securities in physical form are shredded and corresponding credit is made in the form of electronic balances that are maintained in the depository account. The concept of a depository has made a late entry into our country so we are fortunate to have the advantage o hindsight gained from the experience of other depositories the world over as well as adopting the latest technology. Thus, the law in our country has preferred the demat route. The demat securities will be identical and interchangeable as they will not have any unique characteristics such as distinctive number of folio. The depository will facilitate dematerialization of securities. The investor has the option of holding securities in the physical form or in the depository form. He can choose not to opt for depository system by requesting issue of physical certificates. The depository will, thus provide for Rematerialisation. All rights with respect to the securities held in the depository will be with the beneficial owner (investor) and not with the depository, the depository acting as the registered owner only. When transacting through a depository, the investor will not be required to pay stamp duty on transfer of shares within the depository. The depository will interface with the investors through market intermediaries called DPs. The depository will hold beneficial owner the level in formation through its network of DPs. The depository is obliged to provide this information to the issuer company or its registrar and transfer agent at regular intervals. This will facilitate proper distribution of benefits arising out of the investors holdings such as dividend, interest, bonus and rights as on a given record date by the issuer company or its registrar and transfer agent. The SEBI Regulations, 1996 Based on the depositories ordinance, SEBI has notified regulations on 16th May 1996, which specify the norms for functioning and operations of depositories. The depository system is very similar to banking environment. Thus, while a bank performs the function of holding, transferring and allowing withdrawal of funds, a depository performs the function of holding, transferring and allowing withdrawal of securities. A bank reaches out to the masses by setting up its branches. Similarly, a depository reaches out to the general investor through its agents that are the DPs. The regulations have selected various categories of market participants, who are eligible to become DPs and have a well-established customer interface network and are therefore the ideal choice to become the agents of a depository. The categories are: Public Financial Institutions Scheduled Banks RBI approved Foreign Banks operating in India. State Financial Corporations Certified custodians of securities Clearing corporations of stock exchanges Registered stock brokers Non-Banking Financial Companies. Entities desiring to become DPs must apply to the depository and are required to be recommended to SEBI by the depository. If approved and registered by the SEBI, the DP can be admitted on to the depository. The depository has to formulate its own set of criteria for selection of participants. The regulations require the depository to list out through its byelaws the securities, which are eligible to be admitted to depository for dematerialization. Equity shares, debentures, warrant, bonds, units of mutual funds etc. are part of list of eligible securities. The depository is empowered to set its own criteria for selection of securities and make securities eligible to be maintained in the form of electronic holdings on the holdings of the depository. Agreements should be entered into by the following entities: Depository and every participant Participant and every client Depository, issuer company and the registrar The drafts of these agreements are to be included in the byelaws and to be approved by SEBI. It is important that participants are connected to the depository through a continuous electronic communication system. The same is true for registrars or corporates communicating with the depository. In addition, for enabling settlements of securities, the depository is also to be connected electronically to clearing entities. This imposes the need for automatic data processing systems with necessary security features and forms one of the criteria for selecting securities for dematerialization. The depository required to ensure that sufficient safeguards are there to protect the data available with it and with the participants. To reduce risk in operations, the regulations stipulate that the depository and DPs must provide for, adequate insurance cover as well. Since the depository acts as the source of information for the registrar in terms of providing beneficial ownership details, the depository has to reconcile data internally with the participants to ensure validity of data. The regulations require this reconciliation to be carried out on a daily basis. Further the depositories and the registrar will also reconcile balances on a daily basis and periodic basis. SHOWING THE DEPOSITORY INTERFACE WITH THE INVESTOR AND THEIR BUSINESS PARTNERS NSDL ISSUER RT AGENT CLEARING HOUSE CLEARING MEMBER DEPOSITORY PARTICIPANT STOCK EXCHANGE TRADING MEMBER INVESTOR NSDL is electronically linked to its DPs, the RT department of the issuer co. and the clearing corporation/ clearing house of the stock exchange. This is done in order to facilitate the settlement of trades and to perform a dealing reconciliation of all the accounts balances with NSDL. The entire system is called the NEST (National Electronic Settlement Transfer) system. Thus a higher integrated set up for maintenance of investor accounts has been developed and implemented. Constituents of Depository System Depository Depository Participant Beneficial Owner Issuer Benefits/Advantages of Depository System Benefits of depository system are: To the Nation Growing and more liquid capital markets to provide financing and development stemming from more efficient post trade systems with reduced transactions costs. Increase in competitiveness in the International market place and attracting investors and fund managers by complying with stipulated international standard for and efficient and risk free trading environment. Improved prospects for privatization of public sector units by creating a conducting environment. Restoration of faith in the capital market on the participants with system to minimize settlement risk and frauds. Considerable reduction in the delay in registration which can currently impact trading. To the Investing Public Reduction of risks associated with loss, mutilations, theft and forgery or physical scrips. Elimination of financial loss owing to loss of physical scrips. Greater liquidity from speedier settlements and reduction in delays in registration. Faster receipt benefit and rights resulting from corporate action. Improved production of shareholder rights resulting from more timely communication from the issuers. Reduced transactions costs through greater efficiency. To issuer Upto date knowledge of shareholders names and addresses. Savings in costs of new issuers from reduction in printing and distribution costs. Increase in efficiency of registrars and transfer agent functions Better facilities for communication with shareholders conveying benefits of corporate actions and information notices. Improved ability to attract international investors without having to incur the expenditure of issuance in overseas market. Objectives of the study To know the perception and viewpoint of the investors regarding depository system. To know the satisfaction level of investors regarding depository services. Related Researches Alton (1994) found the principles of converting shares into dematerialized form. He also commented that with a grand start the concept of demat of shares in Indian Market is all pervasive and set to conquer the stock market. George (1996) studied the growth and the dematerialization of products and found that the concept of dematerialization is coming at a very fast pace. Kumar (1998) studied the advantages of dematerialization and opening of Demat account. He also compared the effect on trading of shares of the companies have dematerialized their shares and who have not dematerialized their shares. Mittal (1998) presented an extensive information on dematerialization of shares, their advantages, investor grievances and insurance aspect related to dematerialized shares and found that a very large potential of dematerialization of shares exists in the Indian Market. Cholamandalam (1998) conducted research on requirements to be fulfilled by a company to get its shares listed at a depository so that they can be easily dealt in dematerialized form. Hughes India Limited (1999) conducted a research to study the benefits and drawbacks, which are to be borne in mind by company that is planning to dematerialize its shares and get them registered with NSDL. Law (1999) in his article Depository Revolution has discussed that depository is not just removing fake shares and bad deliveries from the capital market but to prove a great catalyst for reform. The depository is a reality today. The concept of depository is set to revolutionize trading practices, reduce transaction costs and increase investor safety. Kumar (1998) in his Article Demat trading simpler the better has shed light on the different fees structure charged by NSDL from depository participants and by depository participants from the investors. NSDL charges nominal fees under three heads i.e. transaction fees in case of purchases, custody fees and rematerialisation fees. Gajra (1999) in his article Claim your rights has provided us the useful information that the investors get the compensation or the loss due to the depository participants mistake. The investors for protecting their return should give debit instruction to their DPs for sale at least a day or two before settlement day. Then the investor has to look for an instruction carried out properly. If he failed to get it, then he should approach NSDL, for arbitration. DPs are personally liable for their losses. This article was given in regard when SCHIL, one of the largest DPs failed to transmit instructions of its investor-clients to NSDL on time before settlement pay in. Saikia (1999) in his article Compulsory demat within a year has shed light on the views expressed by Ministry of Finance that one year has been set in adopting the full demat route for primary and secondary market shares. Research Methodology The study is based on descriptive research design. The primary data was collected and used for the research purpose. Primary data was collected by survey with the help of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered by the personal interview i.e. questions were asked from the respondents in a face-to-face meeting and the study was conducted with the help of pre-structured non-disguised questionnaire. Respondents were interviewed with the help of structured questionnaire. An investor residing and availing Depository Services in Ludhiana was taken as a sample. In the present study, non-probability sampling technique i.e. convenience sampling is used to collect the sample. Here in the study, population consists of all the investors of Ludhiana and a sample of investors have been taken from it. It is a convenience sampling because the respondent investors are chosen from those who happened to visit the office of a particular broker and the brokers themselves. The respondents were interviewed with a structural questionnaire by the researcher. A smaller sample but well selected sample may be superior to a larger but badly selected sample. A total of 100 respondents were selected from the city for the study. Investors ranked various advantages of depository. Rank was determined by computing the weighted average i.e. 4 points were attached to rank first, 3 points to rank second, 2 points to rank third and 1 point to rank fourth. Then for calculating ranks for various advantages, points allotted by investors were added and divided by 100 i.e. sample size. The advantage with the highest weighted average was ranked first and the advantage with the lowest weighted average was ranked fourth i.e. last. Similarly, the investors ranked problems faced by investors in depository system. Weighted average method was used. For rating the satisfaction level regarding depository services and the investors view point regarding depository system, weighted average method as well as factor analysis were used. The points were given as such. For highly satisfied +2, for satisfied +1, for indifferent 0, for dissatisfied -1 and for highly dissatisfied -2. Results of the Study Respondents Profile As per the study, majority respondents were professional i.e. 33% such as C.As, MBAs and C.S., where as 22% were post-graduates and the remaining 45% were graduates. The study found that majority of the investors i.e. 46% belonged to age group 30 or less than 40. 18% of the investors were belonging to age group 20 or less than 30, 26% of the investors were belonging to the age group 40 or less than 50 and 10% of the investors belong to the age group 50 or more. As per the study majority of the respondents i.e. 44% of the investors were found operating in the capital markets for 6 years or more. Whereas 29% of the investors have been operating for 4 years of less than 6 years, 18% have been operating for 2 years or less than 4 years and the remaining 9% have been operating for less than 2 years. As per the study, majority of the respondents had opened their demat accounts in year 2000 and 1999. The Different Sources Of Information From Where The Investors Came To Know About The Depository System. Sources of Information No. Of Investors Percentage Brokers 42 42 Friends 6 6 Newspapers Magazines 36 36 T.V. Programmes 2 2 Others 14 14 Total 100 100 As per the study, majority respondents had brokers, newspapers and magazines as the best source of information regarding depository system. The Depository Participants With Whom The Investors Had Opened Up Their Demat Account Depository Participants No. Of Investors Percentage SHCIL 30 30 Master Capital 22 22 LSE Securities 16 16 Karvy Consultants 18 18 Others 14 14 Total 100 100 The study revealed that Majority participants had opened their accounts with Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited followed by Master Capital, Karvy Consultants, LSE Securities and other depositary participants. The Reasons For Opening Demat Account With Particular DP By The Investor The respondents were asked to tick the various factors being considered for opening demat account with a particular DP. Reasons Percentage Nearness to location 15 Fast transaction 30 Infrastructure Facility 25 Good client dealing 15 Goodwill of the Organization 10 Others 05 Total 100 As per the study, the major factor contributing in selecting the depository was Fast Transaction followed by other factors such as Availability of Proper Infrastructure, Client Dealing, Goodwill of the organization, approachability etc. The Ranking Given By The Investors To Various Advantages Of Depository System Advantages Mean Scores Ranking No scope for any risk of loss, theft or fraud regarding share certificates 1.32 1 Investment is highly liquid 1.96 2 No stamp duty 3.9 4 Bad deliveries are almost eliminated 2.82 3 The study found that majority of the investors were of the view that the depository system would overcome the chances of loss, theft or fraud as a first advantage followed by other such as liquid investments, elimination of bad deliveries and absence of stamp duties. The Ranks Being Given By Investors To Different Problems Of Depository Services. Problems Mean Scores Ranking Not fully aware of the mechanism 3.64 4 Fear of enquiries from Income Tax Department 2.45 3 Increase in transactions costs 2.27 2 Difficulty in maintaining accounts 2.25 1 Increased paper work 4.39 5 As per the study the investors thought maintenance of accounts as a major problem of Depository System and ranked it at first place. The study highlighted the other problems such as increase in the cost of transaction, fear of enquiries from Income Tax Department, not full awareness about the system and increased paper work. Satisfaction Level Of The Investors Regarding Depository Services Attributes Mean Scores Satisfaction Level Dealing of DPs 1.6 Highly Satisfied Fees structure of DPs 0.94 Satisfied Service time of DPs 0.32 Indifferent Infrastructure Facilities of DPs 0.97 Satisfied Dematerialization/Rematerialisation procedure 1.14 Satisfied The study found that the investors were highly satisfied with dealing of Depository participants and satisfied from other services such as fee structure, infrastructure facilties and demateralisation/rematerialisation procedures. However, many of the respondents were found indifferent from service timings of DPs. The Investors View Regarding The Different Factors Of Depository Services Sr. No. Factors Mean Scores View Point 1 More transparency in depository system 2 Strongly Agree 2 Fear of losing physical possession of share certificates -1.36 Disagree 3 More cost involved in opening, maintaining and closing of demat account 1.05 Agree 4 Manipulation done by DPs and Brokers -0.02 Indifferent 5 Burden on small investor has been increased 0.21 Indifferent 6 Cost of Depository System matches with the revenues from it 1.22 Agree 7 Demat process is a lengthy one 1.14 Agree 8 Business for brokers has been increased 1.58 Strongly Agree 9 Need of single Depository 0.02 Indifferent 10 Demat has a bright future

Key Escrowing: History and How it Affects You Essay -- Technology Encr

Key Escrowing: History and How it Affects You Keys and key escrowing are important topics in the world of business today. If they are important in business why should you be concerned with them? This paper will cover what are private and public keys and key escrowing. It will discuss the benefits, disadvantages, issues of the past concerning these topics, and why you should have an interest in them. Private & Public Keys Private keys are mostly a thing of the past. They are simple and easy to have intercepted. The way private keys work is this: a message is written and encrypted by the sender using a key; next the receiver of the message is given the key along with the message; they are then able to decode what was written (Baase, 88). The problem with this is that there is really no need to encode the message. If you have to give the key to the receiver, why not just give them the message not encrypted? Public keys provide much more security. In public key procedure, public and private keys are made. The public key is given to whoever would like to write an encrypted message. Once the message is encrypted and sent to the receiver, they use their private key to decode the message. Only the private key is able to decode. Not even the public key is able to decode what it just encoded (Baase, 95). If the encrypted document fell into the wrong hands, that person would have no way of deciphering it. Only the person possessing the private key has the ability to read the message. The government does not like this because illegal activities can be planned or talked about through this method without the government having any knowledge about it. That is why the government came up with the idea of key e... ...does key escrowing mean to the common person? First of all, information that you provide to banks, insurance agencies, hospitals, etc. is confidential information that is encrypted when it is sent electronically. If someone acquired a key that was not meant to, your information could be spread or sold. Your privacy would be breached. This is also an easy way for the government to store information on citizens. If they have keys to all encrypted documents, they would be able to access information at any time whether necessary or not. The idea of key escrowing is to protect the country. Its main intention is to raise the level of security. Terrorists or criminals could be caught before a serious incident occurred. Works Cited Baase, Sara. A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Computing. Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. 1997.

Welcoming Country

Today, Many people in our society have faced many challenges whether it is because of their religion, gender, physical ability and sexual orientation. The United states has always prided themselves to be an open and welcoming country that does not judge one another on any basis. Under this administration the challenges that many immigrants are facing have become greater than ever. Hate crimes against the jewish people have been occurring way more frequently now. Many people in the United States have Xenophobia where they think their country, and their way of life is far superior than everyone else's, and when someone comes in from another country they tend to not accept them or even want to talk to them. Since 911 happened people tend to associate every muslim as a terrorist and they come here to this country to get the opportunities that everyone else has and they are not getting it because Islamophobia. Many young black teens are at a disadvantage because many schools have the zero tolerance policies that end up pushing them out of the school and into the juvenile and the criminal justice system instead of giving them a chance and help within the school system. The United States has come a long way over the years from slavery, and not letting women vote but many improvements can be made for us to truly become a country that accepts all people no matter if they're black, white a women or gay. Furthermore if this country wants a better future for their children then we have to work on these issues and have to become more open minded when it comes to immigrants, religion, women, and people who are gay that are in this country. Women have also gone through struggles facing discrimination because of gender. They have being doing the same job that men do but a lot of the time they do not get the same pay. It was not until the civil war that women were even allowed to work. Women were not hired for jobs that were considered jobs for males. In the 1960's women only occupied two percent of managerial positions. This showed that gender discriminations was still prevalent.This portrait that women had to accept jobs which did not require high skill nor get high pay. Even with all these issues women were strong and gathered in groups to fight these issues. In time, gender discrimination against women in the workforce has alleviated. In 1963 the equal pay act for women was passed meaning that men and women doing the same job had to get the same amount of pay or it was illegal. Groups like The National Organization of women were formed to help women get the same rights that men had like being able to play the same sports in college. Women are essential to society because they are just as capable as men and they have proved themselves in the workforce time and time again. An important reason why people come to this country is to be able to practice their religion freely and openly without any prohibition, harm or even trying to be oppressed . The founding fathers of our nation came to this country to practice their religion. Although, one of the roots of immigration into this country was the search for freedom of religion, many entities have been discriminated as a people. If we take a look at our history, we can find some examples. One of them is General Ulysses S. Grant who issued an order to take out the Jewish people from states Tennessee,Kentucky, and mississippi that were under his control. Most of the states in the U.S do not let people of the same sex marry. Within the last ten years states have been letting up, and are letting gays and lesbians marry each other under the law. These people have been discriminated since this country has been formed . When HIV first came out it was known as a â€Å"gay man's disease † meaning that you had to be gay to get that disease. Donald Trump and vice president Mike Pence do not believe in gay marriage and this is another barrier facing the LGBT community. They have been targeted and bullied in many schools around the country. Sexual discrimination was seen in the armed forces. Commanders used to launch what they called â€Å"witch hunts† to find gay troops and boot them out of the service. Many citizens that do not have the physical ability have been left behind and not taken care of the way they should be. These people for a long time and still today get bullied in school, have no friends, and do not get the support that they need and deserve to be able to do the things that they want. A lot of times these people get harassed in the workplace because they do not have the same ability as others. To help these people out the government passed a law called American with disabilities act to ensure that people with disabilities get proper accommodation in the workforce and also get protection under being fired just solely because they are disabled. I have learned a lot in the course. All the issues that this country is facing surrounding racism and people accepting one another for who they are and what they represent. I have also been exposed to many different things like people's cultures and the hardships that they face on a daily basis. The class has made me more aware of how deeply discrimination exists in our society, and the struggles that people have gone through to overcome make our country a more acceptable society. I learned that we have gains but still have a long way to go. After taking taking this class I have become a better person. Fixing these issues that society fights as a whole is not an easy task. In order to make changes with have to start with our young generations, and make it an empathize in the school systems to teach and focus on accepting one another no matter what the circumstances surrounding that person. Once we make the citizens aware that no matter what we believe, or how different we look, or whatever sexual orientation and gender we may be we are all part of the human race. If we make these social changes starting with our young children then this country will get back on track to fulfill its promise of being a nation which accepts everyone no matter color, race, gender. Furthermore we have to elect politicians that follows these ideologies that we are looking to have in this country. Many people in our society have faced many challenges whether it is because of their religion, gender, physical ability, and sexual orientation. This country has come a long way from discriminating against these groups but we still have a lot of work to do if we want this country to be fully accepting of everyone. A lot of these issues that we face as a culture need to be stopped from the top down. If the president can become more open and tolerant of others then that would be a major step in fixing this mess between different groups. What I have discussed in this essay about the current trend of racism, sexism and discrimination is not new, As the famous adage goes†History repeats itself†. At the founding of our american democracy with the Declaration of Independence (`1776) and the US Constitution (1789)all men were supposed to be equal under the law. However, women did not receive the right to vote until the year 1919 with the adoption of the 19th amendment of the constitution. Most states did not allow married women to keep their property until the beginning of the 20th century. Prior to the 29th century , women's legal status was that of chattel- they were the legal property of their Husbands and fathers. The few women from the late 19th century to the mid twentieth century who were able to get law degrees, medical and engineering degrees found themselves underemployed because employers did not want to hire women in these professions. It wasn't until the late 1970 that most states passed discriminations law to protect bias agent gender. Historically, Blacks have also been discriminated the legal and political system of our country. Although the 13th amendment ended slavery in 1865 and the 14th amendment (1868)guaranteed equal protection under the law for all persons, segregation and the denial of voting rights to blacks and other racial minorities persisted until the adoption of the federal voting rights in 1965. Discrimination in job hiring and access to housing was also rampant until the adoption of the Civil rights Acts in 1964. Historically, many different immigrant groups were discriminated and prevented from entering the United States. For example, the chinese exclusion act enacted in 1882 prohibited immigration of all chinese laborers even though –ironically– previous generations of chinese laborers were exploited to build the great railroad system that expanded the wealth and growth of the continental United States. Many of these laws were not repealed until after the second world war in 1948. Other ethnic groups (e.g. Irish and eastern europeans) had strict limited quotas for entry into the United States. Finally, protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation has only recently been enacted by only 24 states. There is still no federal civil rights protection based upon sexual orientation. Hence, for example, in the states of North Carolina and MIssissippi employers can fire or deny promotions to gay employees. We should remind ourselves of this history as we put into perspective the need to recognize and address the current problems of discrimination based on gender, race, ethnic origin and sexual orientation.

Exploring How State of Matter Affects the Rate of Diffusion Essay

Introduction Diffusion is the random process by which particles distribute themselves within a container or medium. There are two factors that distinguish how substances move passively through membranes. The first factor is hydrophobic , a nonpolar molecule that can dissolve in a lipid bilayer and freely move through the membrane. However a hydrophillic molecule consisting of ions and polar molecules inhibit in their movement through the membrane making it a slower diffusion process. Selectively permeable, moreover, are charged atoms and molecules that are mostly blocked from traveling through the membrane due to the hydrophobic center. The purpose of this experiment was to test how the state of matter affects the rate of diffusion in a semi-solid vs. a liquid state. If the Potassium Permanganate crystals are placed in Petri dishes filled with water and 2% agar, then the crystals will diffuse at a faster rate in water than in the agar. The addition of the Potassium Permanganate crystals to the water and agar, there will be a result of more diffusion and more obvious color change in water compared to agar which will result in a slower less obvious diffusion. Materials The materials needed for this experiment are: One Petri dish with 2% agar and one Petri dish of water filled half way up to test the rate of diffusion. Also, two small crystals of potassium permanganate and one pair of forceps will be needed to place in the Petri dishes. One metric ruler will be need as well to measure the change of color in diameter and one 8 x 11 piece of white paper will also be used for safety precautions. Methods First, a member of the group will gather all the materials including the Petri dishes filled with tap water and 2% agar, forceps, ruler, 8X11 piece of white paper and the jar that contains the potassium permanganate crystals, and bring the materials back to the designated area. Then the experimenter will start to conduct the experiment. Then the experiment will consist of placing the empty Petri dish and the agar Petri dish on top of the white paper side by side. Second, Tap water will be added to a half way point in the empty Petri dish until it is approximately the same level as agar in the other Petri dish. Before continuing, wait for the water to stop moving to get an accurate measure of the diffusion. After that, have lab partner assist with placing potassium permanganate crystals into the agar Petri dish, while at the same time, the primary experimenter places the other two potassium permanganate crystals into the tap water. Be sure not to splash water in the aqueous dish. The moment that each crystal has been lowered is Time Zero. A purple color will be obvious immediately. Next have the experiment observe the diffusion rate for every 3 minutes for the next 15 minutes. For every 3 minutes, measure the diameter of the diffusion circle in millimeters (mm) and write down the measurement on the chart given. Be careful not to disturb the aqueous Petri dish. Discussion The results show that there a major difference in the rate of diffusion between 2% agar and tap water. Immediately, when the potassium permanganate crystals were dropped at 0, there was already an instant diffusion of 2 mm, compared to agar which was 1mm. Because water is a polar molecule, diffusion across membranes travel quicker compared to a nonpolar substance like agar that diffuse though the lipid part of a membrane. At the first 3 minute mark, it shows that the crystals have diffused relatively fast at 15 mm, compared to the diameter in agar which has slowly diffused to 5 mm. for the next 12 minutes, results have show that the diameter in water has increase about 8 – 10 mm every 3 minutes and agar has stayed the same throughout. Due to passive transport, the movement of molecules from the potassium permanganate have a higher concentration, and are then added to water which diffuses from that high concentration to a lower concentration. This was the expected result. Since water is polar, the crystals can easily diffuse through the gradient. Furthermore, with agar being a nonpolar molecule, it maintained a state of dynamic equilibrium because it diffused slower but was diffused evenly. However since other factors do play a role in the rate of diffusion, maybe temperature could have changed the rate of diffusion for the two Petri dishes. Also had the allotted time been different there may have also been a change in the results. There were no negative results or errors made during this experiment. Based on the results it can be concluded that dropping potassium permanganate crystals into water, diffuses across the gradient faster compared to 2% agar. This does support the initial hypothesis and the predictions were accurate.