Making Biases in Management Essay

A choice rule characterizes what is applicable in a choice. (Valid; moderate; p. 158) 4. The fourth step of the dynamic procedure requires the chief to list feasible options that could resolve the issue. (Valid; simple; p. 159) 5. When the choices have been recognized, a chief must dissect every one. Valid; moderate; p. 159) 6. The progression in the dynamic procedure that includes picking a best option is named usage. Investigations of the occasions paving the way to the Challenger space transport calamity point to a heightening of duty by chiefs. (Valid; moderate; p. 163) 12. Supervisors routinely utilize their instinct in dynamic. (Valid; simple; p. 164) 13. Judicious examination and natural dynamic are corresponding. (Valid; moderate; p. 164) 14. Modified choices will in general be monotonous and schedule. (Valid; simple; p. 165) 15. Rules and arrangements are fundamentally the equivalent. An approach is an express explanation that mentions to a supervisor what the person in question should or should not to do. Bogus; moderate; p. 166) 17. The answer for nonprogrammed dynamic depends on methods, rules, and approaches. (Bogus; moderate; p. 166) 18. Most administrative choices in reality are completely nonprogrammed. (Bogus; simple; p. 167) 19. The perfect circumstance for settling on choices is generally safe. (Bogus; moderate; p. 167) 20. Hazard is the condition wherein the leader can assess the probability of specific results. (Valid; simple; p. 167) 21. Hazard is a circumstance where a chief has neither assurance nor sensible likelihood gauges. (Bogus; troublesome; p. 168) 22. Individuals who have a low resistance for equivocalness and are judicious from their perspective are said to have a mandate style. (Valid; moderate; p. 171) 23. Chiefs with a systematic style have a much lower resilience for uncertainty than do order types. (Bogus; moderate; p. 171) 24. People with a reasonable style will in general be wide in their viewpoint and will take a gander at numerous other options. (Valid; moderate; p. 171) 25. Social style chiefs cooperate with other people. (Valid; simple; p. 171) 26. Most supervisors have attributes of expository leaders. (Bogus; moderate; p. 171) 27. As indicated by the boxed element, â€Å"Managing Workforce Diversity,† differing representatives will in general settle on choices quicker than a homogeneous gathering of representatives. (Bogus; moderate; p. 172; AACSB: Diversity) The mooring impact portrays when chiefs focus on beginning data as a beginning stage and afterward, when set, they neglect to satisfactorily change for resulting data. Answer a. At the point when leaders will in general think they know more than they do or hold ridiculously positive perspectives on themselves and their presentation, they’re displaying the presumptuousness inclination. b. The quick satisfaction inclination portrays leaders who will in general need prompt prizes and to keep away from prompt expenses. For these people, choice decisions that give snappy settlements are more engaging than those later on. c. The tying down impact portrays when leaders focus on introductory data as a beginning stage and afterward, when set, neglect to sufficiently modify for resulting data. Early introductions, thoughts, costs, and gauges convey unjustifiable weight comparative with data got later. d. At the point when chiefs specifically sort out and decipher occasions dependent on their one-sided recognitions, they’re utilizing the particular observation inclination. This impacts the data they focus on, the issues they recognize, and the options they create. e. Chiefs who search out data that reaffirms their past decisions and markdown data that repudiates past decisions show the affirmation predisposition. These individuals will in general acknowledge at face esteem data that affirms their biased perspectives and are basic and suspicious of data that challenges these perspectives. f. The surrounding predisposition is when chiefs select and feature certain parts of a circumstance while barring others. By causing to notice explicit parts of a circumstance and featuring them, while simultaneously making light of or overlooking different viewpoints, they misshape what they see and make off base reference focuses. g. The accessibility predisposition is when choices producers will in general recall occasions that are the latest and clear in their memory. The outcome is that it twists their capacity to review occasions in a target way and results in contorted decisions and likelihood gauges. h. At the point when chiefs survey the probability of an occasion dependent on how intently it looks like different occasions or sets of occasions, that’s the portrayal inclination. Administrators displaying this predisposition draw analogies and see indistinguishable circumstances where they don’t exist. I. The irregularity predisposition portrays when leaders attempt to make importance out of arbitrary occasions. They do this in light of the fact that most leaders experience issues managing chance despite the fact that arbitrary occasions happen to everybody and there’s nothing that should be possible to anticipate them. j. The sunk costs blunder is when leaders overlook that current decisions can’t right the past. They mistakenly focus on past uses of time, cash, or exertion in surveying decisions instead of on future outcomes. Rather than disregarding sunk costs, they can’t overlook them. k. Leaders who rush to assume acknowledgment for their victories and to accuse disappointment for outside variables are showing oneself serving inclination. . At last, the knowing the past inclination is the propensity for leaders to erroneously accept that they would have precisely anticipated the result of an occasion once that result is really known. They are aware of the littlest deviations and respond early and rapidly to whatever doesn't fit with their desires. Another trait of HROs is that they concede to the specialists on the bleeding edge. Bleeding edge workersâ€those who cooperate throughout each and every day with clients, items, providers, a so forthâ€have firsthand information on what should and can't be possible, what will and won't work. Get their info. Let them decide. Next, HROs let surprising conditions give the arrangement. The fourth propensity for HROs is that they grasp unpredictability. Since business is intricate, these associations focus on more profound comprehension of the circumstance. They ask â€Å"why† and continue requesting what good reason as they test all the more profoundly into the reasons for the issue and potential arrangements. At long last, HROs envision, yet alto foresee their cutoff points. These associations do attempt to foresee however much as could reasonably be expected, yet they perceive that they can’t envision everything.

The Social Expression Industry In The Uk Marketing Essay

The Social Expression Industry In The Uk Marketing Essay Unconditional power, a famous player in the social articulation industry in the UK and around the world, is set to present another item, e-welcoming card, on January 1, 2011. This report in this manner covers the new item and brand advancement technique and their related exercises that may guarantee the achievement of the brand from improvement up to the initial 3 to 4 years of its life cycle. The procedure is separated into 3 goals, in particular: to build up another social articulation item to the chose target advertise; to grow new region of brand methodology toward accomplishing set deals target; and to situate Carte Blanche through the exercises above to convey superb development rate. The item will serve youngsters and their families and will be conveyed seriously on the web while utilizing serious valuing to guarantee advertise entrance. Chapter by chapter list Presentation Unconditional power Greetings Ltd is one of the key players in the social articulation industry in the UK, and all around. The social articulation industry is related with welcome cards, notes and writing material, blessing wrap, and other socially expressive items (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996, p. 41). The smash hit of the considerable number of items delivered from the social articulation showcase is the welcome card. It represents a sizeable segment of the over $4 billion worth of the social articulation showcase, universally (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996, p. 41). The worldwide yearly development pace of the business is evaluated to be a great 7 percent (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). The created nations including the UK and other Western European nations, North America, New Zealand, Australia, and Japan represent an excessively high percent of the market request (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). Full power Greetings was established by Stephen Haines over twenty years back he despite everything fills in as its Chairman (Carte Blanche, 2010). Full power is a worldwide player in the social articulation industry with a respectable brand and item portfolio which length the distinctive accessible classifications of the business (Carte Blanche, 2010). Unconditional authority as of now gloats of perceived brands and a respectable item portfolio. The items are as of now distributed in 14 dialects, and appropriated in excess of 60 nations utilizing various channels of dispersion (Carte Blanche, 2010). The social articulation industry is portrayed by consistent change (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996) and social affectability (Keegan, 1969). This report is fundamental in characterizing a way for guaranteeing the development of Carte Blanche in the profoundly serious, continually changing, and socially touchy social articulation industry throughout the following three to five years. Review SWOT and PEST examinations will be completed here as models are especially significant in guaranteeing coherent consistency and investigating the unobtrusive collaborations including a predetermined number of factors (Porter, 1991, p. 98). SWOT investigation SWOT system that includes the qualities and shortcomings, openings and dangers of an organization according to its inside and outside condition individually, and it is a dependable procedure for technique choice (Barney, 1996; Novicevic et al., 2004). The structure as applied to Carte Blanche is as beneath: Quality Unlimited authority gloats of perceived brands and a respectable item portfolio that the buyer is as of now acquainted with and trust. The Carte Blanche items are presently distributed in 14 dialects overall taking into awareness the social affectability of the social articulation industry. The organization as of now has worldwide nearness as it is found in more than 60 nations and guarantees successful appropriation through different circulation channels. Unconditional power utilizes the utilization of nearby licensee to receive such rewards as insignificant resource responsibility in physical resources, for example, stock and HR (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996, p. 46). Shortcomings Constrained worldwide inclusion. Absence of budgetary muscle. Openings Unconditional authority has great possibilities for item move to different nations not directly secured. The possibility for item move is supposed to be most noteworthy for countries with attributes like that of the starting nations (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996, p. 42), while the UK, Carte Blanches home nation, shares a ton with a significant number of UKs previous provinces, for example, India. There is extraordinary potential for additional disguise of Carte Blanche items as just 60 of the numerous nations on the planet are right now secured. Dangers The business is described by overwhelming weight contenders both in the UK and abroad with worldwide effort, for example, Hallmark, American Greetings, and Gibson Greetings (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996, p. 40). The business is bound with social affectability and could prompt lost deals and extensive corporate humiliation (Ricks, 1983 as refered to by Berkowitz and Hill, 1996, p. 40) for an industry player who submits a social bungle. Vermin investigation Political Lawful guidelines require various techniques for bundling for the social articulation items in various situations (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). The legislature and its administrative organizations regularly control the sort of various materials that might be utilized in item assembling, and this may change starting with one nation then onto the next (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). Government guidelines may likewise put limitations and set gauges for item naming (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). For publicizing, PR, and exchange advancement with their related monetary expense are regularly exceptionally controlled by the administration (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). Fare to different nations might be confined or hampered by between government relations, exchange accords, and arrangements (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). Ecological Varieties in atmosphere and additionally climate of the Carte Blanche home nation from its fare nations may requires item adaptation(Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). For instance, the tropics don't encounter snow fall during the Christmas season. Laborers or representatives in the objective nations for internationalization may for the most part have lower mastery than in the UK and subsequently may require some preparation with its related expense (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). To exploit new markets, items ought to be created to meet the various events, festivities, and celebration discovered there (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). Social The distinctive social festivals, for example, celebrations found in various conditions frequently require the requirement for various alter items and may prompt expanded income (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996).. The business is bound with social affectability and could prompt lost deals and impressive corporate shame (Ricks, 1983 as refered to by Berkowitz and Hill, 1996, p. 40) for an industry player who submits a social bungle. In any case, it is likewise a tremendous chance to satisfy need needs. Innovation The business players require moderately broad interest in innovation in enhancing their productivity, viable, and general execution (Berkowitz and Hill, 1996). Unconditional authority utilizes creative gracefully chain related innovation in guaranteeing compelling and effective dissemination of its gainful for an upper hand (Carte Blanche, 2010). Keen destinations To provide solid guidance and make the accomplishment of the new item advancement quantifiable by the day's end, we have set the accompanying SMART targets. To build up another social articulation item to be propelled by January 1, 2011 to the chose target advertise; Grow new region of brand system toward accomplishing deals focus of  £500,000 by December 31, 2011; and Position Carte Blanche through the exercises above to convey amazing development pace of 10% per annum and piece of the pie of 40% throughout the following 3-5 years. The goals above contain components of long haul technique in spite of the fact that they have been set for the initial a year of the new item life cycle, yet their accomplishment may guarantee that the drawn out destinations are figured it out. Huan et al. (2007, p. 277) refering to Doyle et al. (1985), Hooley and Lynch (1985), Shaw (1995), Siu (2000), Baker and Leidecker (2001), and Siu and Liu (2005) contends that fruitful organizations set longer term vital goals (for example short-run benefits are not looked for to the detriment of longer run vital destinations). New item and key brand advancement plan and usage Considering a brand advancement plan for Carte Blanche is basic the same number of specialists, for example, McWilliam (1993), Tauber (1981), Economist (1990; 1991), and Ambler and Styles (1996) perceived that brand and line expansions is presently a well known development technique, particularly observable in soaked quick moving shopper merchandise ventures. Be that as it may, creating brand or line expansions is one kind of new item improvement (NPD) (Ambler and Styles, 1996, p.13). The new item improvement process will follow what was laid out by Kotler (1991). The eight point succession that will produce the NPD plan is as talked about underneath: 1. Thought age An exhaustive procedure of thought age that included commitments from the various partners brought about the introduction of an assortment of thoughts concerning the new items that might be created and how these may individual fortify the market position and gainfulness of Carte Blanche. A portion of these thoughts incorporate the expansion of the present and diverse product offerings, the augmentation of the present Carte Blanche brand(s), and the making of another item and brand through and through. As for the classifications of thoughts referenced above, one of a kind item contributions were likewise produced. 2. Thought screening: The created thoughts were additionally screened to disengage those that may most intently bolster the expressed targets of the new item and brand improvement methodology, and the general Carte Blanche technique (Kotler, 1991). Both line and brand expansion have t

What Is Peer Pressure and Does It Lead to Addiction

What Is Peer Pressure and Does It Lead to Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print How Peer Pressure Influences Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 08, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 17, 2020 David Young-Wolff/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Peers are people who are part of the same social group, so the term peer pressure means the influence that peers can have on each other. Although peer pressure does not necessarily have to be negative, the term pressure implies that the process influences people to do things that may be resistant to, or might not otherwise choose to do. So usually the term peer pressure is used when people are talking about behaviors that are not considered socially acceptable or desirable, such as experimentation with alcohol or drugs. The term peer pressure is not usually used to describe socially desirable behaviors, such as exercising or studying. Is Peer Pressure Always Bad? In reality, peer pressure can be either a positive or negative influence that one peer, or group of peers, has on another person. Positive Peer Pressure Peer pressure could influence a young person to become involved in sports. This involvement could be positive, leading to exposure to healthy lifestyles and role models, and eventually leading the young person to become a positive role model herself. Negative Peer Pressure That same peer pressure could lead the same young person to over-identify with sports, putting exercise and competition above all else. If taken to an extreme, she may develop exercise addiction, causing her to neglect schoolwork and social activities, and ultimately, use exercise and competition in sports as her main outlet for coping with the stresses of life. This can also lead to numerous health consequences. Negative and Positive Peer Pressure Differences Peer Pressure and Addiction Peer pressure causes kids to do things they would not otherwise do with the hope of fitting in or being noticed, and of course, this can include experimenting with alcohol and/or drugs. Beyond prompting kids to use drugs, peer pressure or the desire to impress their peers can override a teen or tweens fear of taking risks, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse for Kids. This risky behavior with drugs and/or alcohol can result in the following: Driving under the influence (of alcohol or other drugs)OverdoseAlcohol or drug poisoningAsphyxiationSexually transmitted diseasesAccidentsAddiction Behavioral Addiction Tweens and teens can also feel an internal pressure to participate in activities and behaviors they think their peers are doing, which can put them at risk for the following behavioral addictions: Sex addictionFood addictionVideo game addictionInternet addictionGambling addictionShopping addiction Parents are rarely concerned about peer pressure to engage in sports or exercise, as these are typically seen as healthy social behaviors. This is appropriate, as long as the exercise or sport does not become an unhealthy way of coping, excessive to the point of negatively affecting their health, or dangerous (as in dangerous sports). The 5 Most Common Ways Teens Are Peer Pressured Today Parent Influence Is Stronger Than Peer Pressure Although parents worry about the influence of peers, overall, parents have a greater influence on whether children go on to develop addictive behaviors than peers do. Addiction is a complex process, which is affected by many different factors, so peer pressure alone is unlikely to cause an addiction. Rather than worrying about the effects of your childrens friendships, parents would do well to focus on creating a positive, supportive home environment, free of addictive behaviors and without access to alcohol or other drugs. Could My Teenager Be Using Drugs? Role modeling good emotional self-regulation will also reduce your childs risk of developing addictions. This will teach your child positive ways of solving problems and coping with uncomfortable feelings, rather than trying to escape into addictive behaviors and substances for temporary, unpredictable relief from emotional or physical pain. Peer pressure to take these risks can be balanced by parents ensuring that they set appropriate boundaries, provide support, and help to avoid risks. A few examples: Picking up their child from events where alcohol or drugs may have been consumedProviding balanced, truthful information on issues such as alcohol and drug useUrging the importance of thinking before doing, by teaching teens to ask themselves questions like: Could this harm me or someone else? Will this put my health or safety at risk? Is it legal? What are the long-term consequences for my health, family, education, future?Staying involved in your childs life. Believe it or not, you are one of their biggest influences and they listen when you talk. Parents Can Help Teach Kids Say No to Peer Pressure Peer Pressure Does Not Just Affect Kids Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to peer pressure because they are at a stage of development when they are separating more from their parents influence, but have not yet established their own values or understanding about human relationships or the consequences of their behavior. They are also typically striving for social acceptance and are more willing to engage in behaviors against their better judgment in order to be accepted. However, adults can also be vulnerable to peer pressure. Many adults drink too much because it is the only way they can have a social life. They see others in a casino having a big win and it encourages them to keep on gambling. They look at their boss getting a promotion and put work before family. The bottom line: Being aware of, and carefully choosing the influence of peers that will lead to healthy and happy experiences is a lifelong process.

Ultima is a Curandera in Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo...

In the novel Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya, one of the main characters, Ultima is accused many times of being a witch. Ultima is a curandera who uses herbs and medicines to cure people. She goes to live with Antonio Marez, a young boy who lives in the llano with his parents and two sisters due to the fact that she cannot live by herself and had nowhere to stay. Although many people think she is a witch, her use of herbs, medicines, and scapulars show that she is merely just a curandera. With her use of chants and having her spirit in her owl, many are led to believe that she is really a witch. Ultima goes to stay with Antonio Marez, a young boy who lives in the llano with his parents, two sister, and three brothers. This is because†¦show more content†¦The curse was most likely placed on him by the Trementina sisters, three witches who are sisters, because Lucas observed them performing some sort of mass that witches have. First, she makes remedies and makes him drink th em. Afterwards, after resting, Lucas starts coughing and he coughs out vomit and a big ball of hair. This was his hair with which they had worked the evil. Ultima cured Lucas using only natural herbs and medicines. She did not perform any witchcraft. She also did this with the help of Antonio as well. Many people in the town love Ultima. They praise her and can’t thank her enough when she cures one of their loved ones. While many love and praise her, a select few in the town believe that Ultima is a witch and of ten accuse Ultima of it. One of these is Tenorio Trementina, the father of the three Trementina sisters who put a curse on Lucas, Antonio’s uncle. Even Antonio, who loves Ultima very much, once doubted if Ultima was really a witch or just a curandera. Some of Antonio’s classmates have also called Ultima a witch. Tenorio often besieges Ultima. Despite all this, Ultima is still very strong and remains strong until the day of her death. Ultima is also very brave strong. She is not threatened when Tenorio threatens to kill Ultima or when people make the sign of the cross to see if she really is a witch. To conclude, Ultima is accused by some of being a witch because her use of chants and having her spirit inShow MoreRelated A Comparison of Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street2154 Words   |  9 PagesExploring Syncretism in Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Syncretism is the fine line between Christianity and Native American Religions because it is the ambivalent, simultaneous attraction of choice and identification to the influences of two or more religious belief systems. Syncretism is most common among minority groups such as Hispanics. The definition applied to their unique position of culture is brought about by the Native American and Spanish ancestry. AmbivalenceRead MoreBless Me Ultima Analysis1203 Words   |  5 Pagespoem, â€Å"Curandera†, by Pat Mora and the novel, â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima†, by Rudolfo Anaya portray the curandera in different and similar ways. The literary works consist of common characteristics and qualities that the curanderos possess irrespective of the different genders. In both poems, the curanderos are knowledgeable. Besides, they have a close connection with nature, and the people from their towns respect them greatly. Bless Me, Ultima is Anaya’s first novel in which he describes the curandera, UltimaRead MoreEssay on Bless Me Ultima1232 Words   |  5 PagesJasmine Tran Ms. Brzowski English 2 PDP - Period 1 09.12.2012 Seminar Notes: Bless Me Ultima 1. Bless Me Ultima fits the description of magical realism because the story talks a lot about a curandera named Ultima. As we all know, a curandera is a healer. Rudolfo Anaya portrays Ultima as this old lady who has magical and spiritual powers. 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Throughout the novel, Antonio fights a psychological war in his mind about all the religions and faiths that surround him in his everyday routine. All his life he was raised to believe in God, and as a result he grew to be a devote Catholic. However, some of his beliefs alter when Ultima, a curandera, comes to live with his family. By witnessing her mysterious powers, AntonioRead MoreMyth, Religion, and Violence in Pan’s Labyrinth and Bless Me, Ultima: A Comparative Analysis1346 Words   |  6 PagesRudolfo Anaya’s, Bless Me, Ultima and Guillermo del Toro’s, Pan’s Labyrinth are two coming-of-age stories. Both the novel and the movie are full of events that contribute to the disillusionment of the main character’s childhood idealism and the realization of the real world they live in. Both protagonists absorb themselves in a mythical world full of fantasy and each receives exposure to religious theology and trauma by the violence of men. Despite t he fact that Antonio and Ofelia have different

Essay about 1912 Election - 1032 Words

The Effects on American Politics From the Election of 1912 During the Progressive Era, Americans faced the challenge of choosing between four strong candidates of the election of 1912. Each candidate held concrete platforms that would have different effects on progressivism. Americans could chose the conservative presidential incumbent William Howard Taft(R), the New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson (D), the long-time fighter for social reform-Eugene V. Debs (S), or the former president Theodore Roosevelt of the newly formed Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party). Through this election many steps were taken to change the face of the election season, including womens rights, primaries, and third†¦show more content†¦In the August before the election, the most successful third party in the 20th century was formed. After Theodore Roosevelt was denied the Republican nomination, he was elected in the newly formed Progressive Party. Theodore was the man for the job saying, In loyalty, honor and duty there was nothing for me to do but to heed their call and make the race with all my might, regardless of present or future consequences to myself. (Miller 527) With this spirit, this third party had accomplished the unthinkable by becoming in second in the presidential election of 1912. This was the only time in American history that the Republican Party has come in third in both the popular and electoral vote. Sidney M. Milkis stated, Ostensibly, the cause of ProgressivismÂâ€"the platforms commitment to direct democracy and social and industrial justiceÂâ€"gave reform leadership its dignity, indeed its heroic quality.(Claremont Institute) The Progressive Partys accomplishment proved that third parties can have influence on an election and they are not to be taken lightly. This election served as the initial step into the world of politics for women. The Progressive Party was the only main party to support womens rights, and women were extremely active in supporting it. The Kansas newspaper editor William Allen White stated referring to the Progressive Party Convention: We were, of course, for woman suffrage, and we invited women delegates and had plenty of them. They were ourShow MoreRelatedThe 1912 Crucial Election1346 Words   |  6 PagesThe year 1912 brought one of the most important presidential elections in United States history. Four nominees confronted one another during this election: Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson, Progressive leader Theodore â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt, Republican William Howard Taft, and Socialist Eugene Debs. This election also proved to be crucial as it brought forth new considerable and â€Å"substantive† discussions concerning the Union and its future. 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DoingRead MoreSenate Election Reform Essay1101 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviour; their elections made by electors chosen for that purpose by the people† (Senate Report No. 691). As the United States developed after the civil war and people gained greater access to news and education they began to see the corruption within the senate appointment process. This started a push for electoral reform and the progressive movement. It should not be over looked either that the election of Senators by popular vote would not only leave the nomination and election of the membersRead MoreThe Success Of The Third Party System743 Words   |  3 PagesAmericans believed that a third political party was needed, as only 37% agreed with the effectiveness of a two-party system. This information can be seen as the popularity of third-party candidates has increased over the last three presidential election cycles. The reasons for this increase include; a lack of support to a particular party, disenfranchised from the mainstream party platform, or a belief that their vote is more symbolic to demonstrate a lack of confidence in the two-party systemRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesFor over a century, the American presidency has been controlled by the two major parties as no third party has broken through to win a presidential election. In fact, from the point of view of the two major parties, the third parties contending for the presidencies have been nothing but nuisances, taking votes away from the parties that legitimately have a shot at the presidency. However, as historian Richard Hofstadter said, â€Å"Third parties are like bees: once they have stung, they die.† HofstadterRead More third parties Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pages Despite being the constant underdog and loser in major elections third parties make some significant contribution to the political spectrum in the United States. Third Party Agendas are taken serious by the Democratic and Republican Parties and specific pieces of the Third Party Agendas are sometimes adopted by the two major parties. Third parties give discontented voters other alternatives. The Republican and Democratic Parties have been known to operate in similar styles and third parties give

Justice in Plato’s Republic Free Essays

Plato Republic presents the concepts of psychic justice and psychic virtue. This is different from what in normally observed as justice and virtue. Thus, when apparently good deeds are ostensibly rewarded, and, correspondingly, evils deeds are punished, that is considered to be justice. We will write a custom essay sample on Justice in Plato’s Republic or any similar topic only for you Order Now But Plato is suggesting that appearances are deceptive, and that true justice and virtue are not so easily recognizable. The matter needs to be considered by essences, not appearances. In this way is derived psychic justice and virtue. And when we arrive at the latter understanding we overcome the contradictions found in the first view. For in the apparent view evil seems to be rewarded, while virtue is punished, in the normal course of life. The object of Plato is thus to convince that the just life in preferable to the unjust. As in all the dialogues of Plato, the argument is presented as that of Socrates, and in which the Athenian philosopher systematically overcomes all possible objections to the proposed thesis. Republic is possibly the most elaborately presented argument of Plato, and is also the longest. This essay argues that all the objections raised, by the friends and acquaintances of Socrates, regarding the principle proposition stated above, are answered comprehensively. Evidence seems to contradict the claim of Socrates that the just life is always to be preferred, and this is the principle objection raised by all detractors. In Book I the objection is raised by the rich host Cephalus, and by the cynical Thrasymachus. Cephalus is not confrontational, but merely smug in his conviction that wealth has allowed him to practice virtue. Socrates confounds him by asking whether he would return a lethal weapon to its rightful owner when it is certain that he is not in the right frame of mind and will commit mischief with it. Thrasymachus is intolerant of the dialectical method of Socrates, and demands a positive answer to the question of what justice is. He himself volunteers the positive opinion that justice is the interest of the powerful. Socrates makes the argument that no act is in the interest of the powerful, but is necessarily in the interest of the weaker. For example, the potter makes pots for those who have no inkling of the art of pottery, but would nevertheless like to use one. The potter (the strong) is successful if he can satisfy the non-potter (the weak). Since justice must be equated with success, the just act is committed in the interest of the weak. By a similar argument, the just act cannot inflict harm, neither to the just subject, nor to the recipient of justice, and in this way Socrates refutes the other claim of Thrasymachus that the unjust are happy, while the just suffer. This is the substance of the argument the Glaucon and Adeimantus have so far absorbed, and are only partially convinced by. They remain in the company after Thrasymachus and Cephalus have departed, and are the principal agents to take the argument forward. They proceed to raise the same challenge of Thrasymachus, but in a less confrontational way, and with an earnest inclination to find out. Socrates’ conclusion that the just are rewarded while the unjust destroy themselves seems to them to utterly contradict plain evidence. Glaucon cannot accept that acts of justice are desired â€Å"both for their own sake and for the sake of their results† (Plato 45). Everyone knows, he suggests, that the virtuous act is undertaken with a dread of unpleasant consequences. He puts forward a picture of two extremes; on the one hand there is the rich hypocrite who the world recognizes as virtuous, and on the other the poor and virtuous man who is also castigated by society as evil. This is not far removed from reality, and Glaucon pleads where the benefits of justice and virtue are in view here. Adeimantus stresses the same point, going further to quote the poets who maintain â€Å"that honesty is for the most part less profitable than dishonesty; and they are quite ready to call wicked men happy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ibid 53). Socrates at this point brings forward the crux of his argument – it is a ploy to consider the macrocosm before the microcosm. Justice and virtue must prevail in the Republic before it is possible at the atomic level of the individual. If the Republic is just, then its virtues will be far more visible than it would be in the case of the individual, and this due to its size. The workings of the state are more open to examination then the workings of the soul. In this wise Socrates is prepared to embark on an epic reconstruction of the Republic. Much of this discussion in phrased in terms of â€Å"should be†, but it is important that we remember that it is not political science which Plato is attempting. The Republic is put forward only as a mirror to the soul. It is phrased in terms of â€Å"should be† because justice is the quest, and the just Republic is necessarily constructed on what ought to be. Once justice is located here, and recognized, it throws invaluable light on the corresponding map of the soul. In the end Glaucon and Adeimantus are convinced that there is justice in the Republic. Each step in Socrates’ argument is built on the idea that the unjust, as a league, are incapable of any constructive effort. Even while refuting Thrasymachus, Socrates has argued that the unjust are against both their own kind, and their opposite kind (the just), while the just, at the very least, are in favor of the just. Therefore, all that is constructive and beneficial stems from the virtue of the just. On this crucial argument Socrates bases his reconstruction, and therefore justice is seen to prevail in every facer of the Republic. What exactly this justice is Socrates confesses not to know, yet there are three other qualities that must precede it – wisdom, courage and temperance. Each member of society has a requisite knowledge which answers a calling in life, and which is necessary for survival. The sum of such atomized knowledge is the wisdom of the state. The highest calling of all is that of the guardians of the state, and in them is the greatest wisdom, for they guide all others and thereby secure the greatest good. In particular, they determine the education, and they censor the arts, knowing what is conducive to the whole. Courage is in the defenders of the state. Temperance in distributed throughout society, for everyone must know the right measure of things. Socrates argues that both wealth and poverty are detrimental to the artisan. Wealth makes him inattentive to his art, while in poverty he cannot afford the means to practice. Therefore, the circumstances that prevail in a healthy Republic forces temperance on one and all. If this is a just Republic, argues Socrates, where justice, wisdom, courage and temperance prevail, than justice must be that which is left after wisdom, courage and temperance have been extracted from the whole. Having identified justice in the macrocosm, Socrates goes on to find its correspondence in the microcosm, which is in the soul of man. He distinguishes two types of knowledge, one guided by the rational principle, the other following the appetites, or the gratification of the five senses. Just as the higher wisdom of the guardians in the state guide the knowledge of all others, so the rational principle of the soul controls the appetites, and this makes for the wisdom of the soul. In the case of the Republic it has been shown that if each individual is allowed to function properly in his own calling then this constitutes justice in the wider body politic. Similarly, when the rational principle of the soul guides every facet of the human to function properly, then not only has the individual attained to justice, but also to health, for then each part is in harmony with the other and there is no discord. In this state justice, wisdom, courage and temperance prevail together, and as in the case of the Republic, justice is that which remains after the other three. We call this psychic justice, because we do not see it for itself, but only discover its existence after examination of the human psyche. It is not possible to refute the existence of psychic justice, and all the objections raised against it have been answered completely by Socrates. It is only a question of how worthy one considers it to be. It is not only a question of following the argument, but also of perceiving the inner import of it. Socrates therefore provides three answers to the same question, suited to the attitudes of the questioners. Cephalus must only be disturbed from his smug righteousness. The confrontational Thrasymachus can only be refuted with hard logic, for he cannot be made to comprehend. In Glaucon and Adeimantus, however, Socrates senses a desperate willingness to learn. â€Å"[T]here is something truly divine in being able to argue as you have done for the superiority of injustice,† he tells them, â€Å"and remaining unconvinced by your own arguments† (Ibid 58). The analogy of the Republic is introduced only to answer this honest query. In effect it is the same answer arrived at as the previous two, but nevertheless is special because it allows scope for inner comprehension. This is what Glaucon and Adeimantus come to in the end, and it is far more worth while to them then to merely follow logic. Of course appearances will continue to deceive, and Socrates maintains throughout that he still does not know what justice is. But if the only acquisition is a strengthening of faith in the higher justice, then the gain is substantial. To conclude, Plato introduces the concept of psychic justice, the purpose of which it to contradict the popular notion that the wicked and unjust reap the fruits of the world, while the just are easy prey for the evildoers. He introduces the analogy of the Republic, which is presented as the macrocosm that mirrors the microcosm that is the soul of man. In this way he identifies the justice that prevails in the Republic, and then finds the counterpart justice in the soul of man. In my opinion, psychic justice is to be considered above the apparent notions of justice, because appearances deceive. Plato raises his argument on the essential considerations of the human soul, and it is thus irrefutable. How to cite Justice in Plato’s Republic, Papers

Cosy play Essay Example For Students

Cosy play Essay An Inspector Calls is writing by J. B. Priestly and was published in 1946. The play is set in 1912 and is about how the upper classed people treated the lower/working class people.  Priestly has written more than 20 plays and is said to be a theatrical entrepreneur. His full name is John Boynton Priestly and he was born in Bradford, Yorkshire on 13 September 1894.  The name Priestly gives Inspector Goole is really an awful pun. In that respect, it might as well be seen as contributing a threat to his serious intention. Priestly makes him an impressive man who dominates proceedings. However, there is a subtly about him. He is there as the conscience of the rest, and there is an insistence from him on moral vows. A quote telling me this is, We dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. This gives the impression that the Inspector is a catalyst, effective in changing others whilst needing no change in himself. The quote above I think is trying to make the Birling family feel guilty and to confess what they have done. Priestly has giving the impression of Mr Birling as being pompous and self-centred. He has practical views and takes pride in himself.  Shelia Birling on the other hand stands in the play as being the most significant exemplar of virtue. Yet at the beginning of the play we find her to be rather spoilt and the centre of attention. Towards the end of the play though, she makes the moral points. I tell you, whoever that Inspector was, it was way anything but a joke. You knew it then. You began to learn something. And now youve stopped. Youre ready to go on in the same old ways. This quote is Sheila trying to bring home to her parents and her the meaning of the Inspectors message. She is saying that her family, the Birlings and Geralds attitude changed during the Inspectors visit but since hes gone they are ready to go back to their same, stuck up, selfish ways. At the beginning of the play, the Birling family and Gerald are all on stage to show they are one family. The lighting is pink and intimate which shows the audience that they are happy and quite carefree. But when the Inspector enters the lighting changes. It becomes brighter and harder. This makes it more dramatic. It shakes the audience out of their expectations of a cosy play.  The Inspectors entrance is dramatic as before he enters Mr Birling is giving some advice to Gerald and Eric. A Quote telling me this is, that man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own and - This quote is telling me that Mr Birling is telling Gerald and Eric to look after themselves, their business and their family, nobody else. The Inspectors entrance is made dramatic because he comes to prove them wrong. Through out the play the Inspector goes through each individual character under covering what they had each done to make Eva Smith commit suicide. He was in charge. Priestly makes him an impressive man who dominates proceedings. He has to interrupted flows of conversation massively. A quote telling me this is, Gerald I dont see why Inspector Never mind that. You can settle this afterwards. (To Sheila) What happened? This quote is telling me that the Inspector likes to concentrate on one person at a time. If something is unnecessary then he doesnt want to no. .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 , .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 .postImageUrl , .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 , .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367:hover , .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367:visited , .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367:active { border:0!important; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367:active , .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367 .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99d518a94d5f89298adef91a21ffd367:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wouldn't get any education EssayNone of these characters have committed a crime but they all come to feel themselves as murders.  At the beginning of act three, Eric confesses that hed slept with Eva Smith and the Inspector leaves. His exit is dramatic as he walks straight out leaving them starring and speechless. The Inspector has achieved his objections. Towards the end of the play after the Inspector leaves we find out that there was no Inspector and no dead girl. A quote from Mr Birling is, Well heres to use. Come on Shelia, dont look like that. Its all over now. This is telling me they are ready to forget the whole thing. Right at the end the telephone rings. Its the police saying a girl has died and a police Inspector is on his way. I think Priestly has added this to imply that in some way this girl died because they have not learnt their lesson.

Adam Powell free essay sample

One of the most powerful and influential civil rights leaders in American history, Adam Clayton Powell was one of the pioneering men ever to be advocates of African-American rights in the 20th century. He was also a Baptist minister and the first African-American Congressman from New York (Haskins 1974, 24). Powell was born Adam Clayton Powell Jr. on the 29th of November 1908 in New Haven Connecticut to Adam Sr. who was a Baptist minister and real estate businessman (Ragsdale and Treese 1996, 113) . When Powell was only 15 years old, he enlisted and joined the African Nationalist Power Movement of the then-famous African American rights leader, Marcus Garvey. In 1926, the younger Powell commenced his tertiary studies at Colgate University where he earned his A.B. in 1930 and a year later he earned his M.A. at Columbia University, in religious education. With regards to Powell’s ministerial career, he was named successor of Adam Powell Sr. We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Powell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page as the senior pastor of Harlem’s Abyssinian Baptist Church. But even before his appointment, Powell, thereafter graduating from Colgate, had initiated the fight for civil rights equality, as he had precipitated the fight of African Americans during the Depression, fighting for the equality in jobs, decent housing and racial discrimination and segregation; his stand was seemingly aggravated because at that time, the Great Depression was at its pinnacle. One among his famous fights was against the refusal of commercial giants like Bell Telephone to hire African-American employees. Powell initiated mass meetings, rent strikes, boycotts of public transportation, to further forward the grievances of the African American community regarding mistreatment and prejudice and to urge the hiring of African Americans in transit companies. At the worst, Powell criticized the administration for its difference concerning civil rights (Luker et al. 1993, 423). His cause was only bolstered by his election to the New York City Council in 1941 (Zelizer 2004, 563), where he resumed his fight to provide fellow African-Americans with decent living and fend off destituteness. The latter malady was he was the staunchest adversary of, for the well-known soup kitchen in Harlem was the epitome of his concern; it helped cloth thousands of impoverished Harlem blacks (Wintz and Finkelman 2004, 991). The almost holy presence of Adam Clayton Powell in the lives of unfortunate was somewhat cemented when he was elected into Congress, the first African American to do so since William Dawson represented Chicago. Even when Powell was already Congressman he was not immune from racism even in Congress, as he was treated as if he were not a man of position who commanded respect and courtesy. Powell was astounded but provoked when he was initially prohibited to use public amenities in the House of Representatives. During the course of his Congressional term, Powell frequently challenged Southern advocates of racial segregation to debates. In the facet of segregation, Powell toiled for the abolition of it in the United States Military. Moreover, he initiated moves to convince the senate to outlaw Jim Crow laws within American jurisdiction. Later in his public service career and after nearly two decades in Congress, Powell was again doing the American people a service as he was named the chair of the Education and Labor Committee (Ragsdale and Tresse 1996, 115). While in office, he pushed for the increases of the minimum wage, special education for the physically handicapped as well as the improvement of the quality of primary and secondary education. As the 1960’s inched, Powell was instrumental in the implementation of social programs for the disadvantaged of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, the â€Å"New Frontier† and the â€Å"Great Society†, respectively.   But on a large scale, the â€Å"Powell Amendment† was by far his most important contribution, as it called for the stop of the flow of federal funds to organizations practicing racial discrimination. Summing up the great life his great life, Powell merely wanted African Americans to be reborn (Powell 1945, 57).

Emotion and Thomas G. Plummer Essay Example

Emotion and Thomas G. Plummer Essay Example Emotion and Thomas G. Plummer Essay Emotion and Thomas G. Plummer Essay Cheyenne Pruett Ms. Mitchell College Composition October 8, 2013 Ophelia? Thomas G. Plummer, in his essay Diagnosing and Treating the Ophelia Syndrome argues that the system we use for teaching today takes away students ability to think for themselves. Plummer proves his argument with loads of examples of students conforming to others to take the easy way out. In Plummers essay he points out ways to treat this syndrome and stop all ignorant people from ruining the minds of other students. Plummers purpose is to point out the issue that society is molding into uneducated individuals. Plummer writes in a formal tone for his target audience. Plummer appeals to pathos when he adds the quote about people not knowing how to answer simple questions such as How are you? How do you feel? because we are too busy Feeling what we are supposed to feel. He also strikes an emotional cord when he introduces the Treatments. The treatments in and of themselves are appealing to pathos because they all stimulate some kind of emotional response. Treatment 2 is all about trusting yourself. Later on in the discussing the treatments Plummer talks about how every throught he has are his thoughts. He says to follow your intuition. Just be you. Treatment three also has a lot of pathos. It is all about being okay with not knowing. He puts it into deep words when he says surrender the need for absolute truth. Plummer also uses formal diction to get his point across and to also help achieve the objective to make his argument stronger. In using words such as pontificates and clamors, he is making it clear who his target audience is. Even Just adding the treatments can be considered formal diction. The treatments are his way of showing/ telling the audience that something can be done to reverse the effects of Ophelia Syndrome. Other formal words such as morality and counterargument can be found throughout the essay. The word choice in the essay helps provide us with a clear example of who should be reading the essay. In using formal diction he is establish his credibility. Plummer also establishes credibility/ appeals to ethos when he talks about psychologist Carl Jung on the first page of his essay. Adding other insight can help the audience show that the author, Plummer in this case, did his research and knows about the topic he is writing about. Another appeal to ethos Plummer makes is on sixth page under treatment 4, when he adds Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg defines morality as the ability to see as issue from points of view ther than Just your own. Plummer later on goes on to explain a personal experience with treatment 6 which is step out of bounds, when he explains he dutifully carried prepared tests to his class. There was a student Holly who practiced Plumbers treatment when he walked through the door and she looked him because it is a personal experience. Plummer had a number of things he used to get his point across. He used all of his appeals and great diction as well as others to m ake sure his target audience was right on with him. He kept the essay flowing and easy.

Practical Risk Management with in Information Technology Project Research Paper

Practical Risk Management with in Information Technology Project Management - Research Paper Example In order to control and manage risk, method and techniques are defined briefly in this article. The definition of Project Management as per the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Guide is â€Å"a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result and the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.†(Monoharan & Mansor, 2012). There are nine sub categories in project management out of which four are considered as the most important areas. The remaining four is assisting area and one is a general area. These areas are divided as: Scope management: management of work in order to complete the project. Time management: management of time needed to accomplish task on time. Cost management: management of budget regarding cost effective project. Quality management: All the requirements are satisfied and implied. Human resource management: management of employers for their effectiven ess. Communications management: gathering information regarding project. Risk management: recognizing and answering to risks. Procurement management: outsourcing goods and services. Integration management: interlinks all project knowledge areas instantaneously. In order to lead a fruitful project, the Project managers need to shine in each of these nine areas. 2 The Project Management Process Project managers manages the project in a systematic way or method, however, various project management techniques are available that can be used. Likewise, activities that are included in the PMBOK for the definition of the project are â€Å"components of work performed during the course of a project† (Vida, 2012). The primary activities of the project management process are mentioned in the book called as Whitten & Bentley’s Systems Analysis and Design Methods. The book demonstrated negotiation of the scope, identification of tasks, estimation of durations of the tasks, specific ation of dependencies, managing the efforts of the team, resource assignment, controlling the project progress, monitoring the project progress and lastly, assessment of the project results and experience. Scope negotiation is a critical part of any project that needs management. Likewise, the scope of the project is associated with the working that is required to deliver the product or end result with the requirements of the customer. Project failure occurs due to creeping of the scope that transpires in case of some addition of features and functions regardless of the factor that impacts the end result of the project. Moreover, failure of the projects also occurs due to ambiguous or confusing requirements of the customer. If the scope of the project is not clearly defined, there is a high percentage that the outcome of the project will not satisfy project stakeholders as well as the customers. 3 The Importance of Project Risk Management Information Technology Project Management is a methodology or set of technique that is implemented for identification, analysis and countering risks throughout the project lifecycle and supporting every aspect of meeting the requirements and objectives of the project (Schwalbe, 2010). Moreover, Oracle White Paper pressures over the significance of project risk management and states that, â€Å"Projects are becoming increasingly more complex and costly,

LEGAL TECHNOLOGY ISSUES Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16250 words

LEGAL TECHNOLOGY ISSUES - Dissertation Example v City and Hackney HA [1997] 4 All ER 771 British Chiropractic Association (BCA) v Singh [2010] EWCA Civ. 350 Director of Public Prosecution v David Lennon [2006] EWHC 1201 Ellis v DPP [2001] EWHC Admin Gregg v Scott [2005] 2 AC 176 Hubbard v Vosper [1999] 1 W.L.R. 605 Loveday v Renton (No 2) [1992] 3 All ER 184. 15 [1995] 2 All ER 155. 16 Mahfouz & Ors v Ehrenfeld & Anor [2005] EWHC 1156 (QB) Pro Sieben Media AG v Carlton UK Televisions Ltd [1999] 1 W.L.R. 605 R v George F Cole & Stanislaw Frankowski R v Cambridge Health Authority ex p [1995] 6 MLR 250 R v Bedworth, Unreported - 18 March 1993 R v Cropp [1991] 7 CLSR 168 R v Delamare (Ian) [2003] EWCA R v Gold & Schifreen [1987] 1 QB 1116 (CA), aff'd [1988] AC 1063 (HL) 26 R v Vallor (2004) 1 Cr App R (S) 54 Re B [2002] 2 Re ML (Use of Skype Technology) [2013] EWHC 2091 (Fam) Sayre v Moore (1795) 1 East's 361 Bibliography - Books - Andrew Murray, Information Technology Law: The Law and the Society (Oxford University Press 2010) Avery G, Law and Ethics in Nursing and Healthcare (Sage 2012) Bently L, Suthersaenen U & Torremans P, Global Copyright: Three Hundred Years since the Statute of Anne (Edward Elgard Publishing 2010) BMA Medical Ethics Department, Everyday Medical Ethics and Law (John Wiley & Sons 2013) Brayne H & Carr H, Law for Social Workers (Oxford University Press 2012) Bureau of National Affairs, The United States Patents Quarterly (The University of California, 2011) Burton F, Family Law (Routledge 2012) Clough J, Principles of Cybercrime (Cambridge University Press 2010) Cole G F & Frankowski S, Abortion and Protection of the Human Fetus (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1987) Colston C & Galloway J, Modern Intellectual Property Law (Third edition, Routledge 2010) Cretney S M, Family Law in the Twentieth Century (Oxford University Press 2003) Deazley R, Rethinking Copyright: History, Theory and Language (Edward Elgard Publishing 2006) Dr. K.Jaishankar and Halder, D, Cyber Crime and the Victimisation of Women: Laws, Rights and Regulations (Idea Group Incorporation 2011) Dr Lily Srivastava, Law and Medicine (First edition, Universal Law of Publishing 2010) Duguenoy P, Jones S& Blundell B G, Ethical, Legal and Professional Issues in Computing (Cengage Learning EMEA 2008) Fadia A, An Unofficial Guide to Ethical Hacking (Second edition, Macmillan 2006) Fafinski S, Computer Misuse: Response, Regulation and the Law (Routledge 2013) Ghosh S & Tumini, E, Cybercrimes: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (Springer 2010) Gillies A, The Clinicians Guide to Surviving IT (Radcliffe Publishing 2006) Hare, I & Weinstein J, Extreme Speech and Democracy (Oxford University Press 2010) Harley D, Slade R & Gattiker U E., Computer Viruses Revealed (10th Edition, Dreamtech Press 2002) Helen C, Jennifer & Dawn (2008) New Perspectives on Bullying (Open University Press 2008) Jones R, Oxford Text Book of Primary Medical Care (Second edition, Oxford University Press 2005) Khan M & Robson M, Clinical Negligence (Cav endish Publishing 2001) Lloyd, I J., Information Technology Law (Oxford University Press 2011) Lloyd, L J, Introduction to Policing and Police Powers (Psychology Press 2005) Murray A, Information Technology Law (Oxford University Press 2013) O’Grady J, Dobbs-Smith I, Walsh L& Spencer M, Medicines, Medical Devises and the Law (Cambridge Univer

The Evidence For The Endosymbiotic Theory

The Evidence For The Endosymbiotic Theory Abstract Modern eukaryotic cells were originally believed to have arisen directly from a single prokaryotic ancestor through serial mutation and the process of genetic drift. However, much evidence has lead scientists to believe that eukaryotes are the result of a merger between a prokaryotic cell, a relative of modern ÃŽÂ ±-protebacteria, that became incorporated by a host archaeon. This is referred to as the endosymbiotic theory. Over the span of millions of years, symbiont DNA was transferred to the nucleus to give rise to the eukaryotic genome and the prokaryote gave rise to mitochondria. As such the two organisms effectively become a single organism, each unable to survive in the others absence. The endosymbiotic theory is widely regarded due to the many shared biochemical and morphological characteristics of mitochondria with bacteria, including DNA organization and similarities protein synthesising machinery and membrane composition. In reviewing these characteristics I have come to conclude that an endosymbiotic event is the most plausible explanation for the development of mitochondria within the eukaryotic cell, despite the uncertainties regarding the nature of the prokaryotes inclusion in the host cell. Introduction The term endosymbiosis refers to the event in which one organism takes up permanent residence within another, such that the two develop a mutually beneficial relationship1.The endosymbiotic theory was developed to explain the evolutionary discontinuity between the appearance of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the great many differences exhibited by the two taxa, described in Table.1. Since mitochondria share so many biochemical and structural characteristics with Bacteria, an evolutionary relationship was proposed, in order to explain the transition from prokaryote to eukaryote2. Contrary to the traditional view that a series of chance mutations were responsible for the evolution of eukaryotic cells, the endosymbiotic theory states that mitochondria arose by the incorporation of a free living aerobic prokaryote, relating to an ÃŽÂ ±-proteobacterium, into an anaerobic proto-eukaryote3. This is proposed to have occurred approximately 1.5 billion years ago, between the first fossil r ecord of aerobic prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Table 1), after oxygen had begun to accumulate in Earths atmosphere as a result of the emergence of photosynthetic organisms4 5. Rather than being digested, the prokaryote remained as a symbiont, helping in the production of ATP within the host by the process of oxidative phosphorylation, enabling it to survive the increasing oxygen concentrations, thereby giving it a selective advantage over anaerobic cells. Interdependence between the aerobic bacterium and the host cell developed and, the bacterium evolved into the mitochondrion. Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated in a similar manner by a secondary symbiosis between these organisms and photoautotrophic bacteria related to cyanobacteria. Wallin proposed in 1923 that mitochondria originated from an endosymbiotic event when he observed that they closely resembled bacteria in size and complexity7. These and related observations led Lynn Margulis to publish Symbiosis in Cell Evolution in 1981, in which she argued that modern eukaryotes were originally formed from a fusion of separate species. Margulis also proposed, more controversially, that motile prokaryotic species such as Spirochaeta were incorporated and resulted in the evolution of the structures that provide cellular motion. Since this hypothesis is generally not accepted, it is not discussed in further detail here. 1. Over the next thirty years, further similarities between mitochondria and bacteria were found that supported Margulis work. Table 1 described some of the similarities observed between prokaryotic cells and mitochondria when compared to eukaryotic cells. Included are the overall physiological similarities of mitochondria and prokaryotes, such as the similarity in size compared to eukaryotes, similarities between the protein-synthesising machinery such as the mitochondrial ribosomes and tRNA molecules, and the presence of a separate mitochondrial genome.3 8 Table.1 Summary of the similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and eukaryotic organelles. Adapted from: Indiana University-Purdue University Department of Biology (2004) Class Notes: The Endosymbiotic Theory Available: http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/n100/2k4endosymb.html [Accessed 16/04/10] Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Mitochondria of Eukaryotic cells DNA 1 single, circular chromosome Multiple linear chromosomes compartmentalized in a nucleus 1 single, circular chromosome Replication Binary Fission involving Fts proteins Mitosis Process akin to binary Fission involving dynamin proteins Ribosomes 30S and 50S Subunits 40S and 60S Subunits 30S and 50S Subunits Electron Transport Chain Found in the plasma membrane around cell Found only in the cells mitochondria Found in the plasma membrane around mitochondrion Size (approximate) ~1-10 ÃŽÂ ¼m ~50 500 ÃŽÂ ¼m ~1-10 ÃŽÂ ¼m First appearance in fossil record Anaerobic bacteria: ~3.8 Billion years ago Aerobic bacteria: ~2.5 Billion years ago ~1.5 billion years ago ~1.5 billion years ago What the endosymbiotic hypothesis does not make clear is the order of events regarding the formation of the nucleus and the acquisition of the prokaryotic cell containing the precursor mitochondrial genome. Two hypotheses have been put forward for the formation of the eukaryotic cell, illustrated in Fig.2. Nucleus formation preceded symbiosis of mitochondrion and chloroplast Nucleus formed after symbiosis of mitochondrion and before chloroplast Taken from Michael Madigan et al. Brock Biology of Microorganisms (2008) 12th edition, Pearson Education Inc The most widely regarded, summarised in Fig.3, proposes that an ancestral prokaryote first developed a membrane around its DNA from infolding of the plasma, similar to the way in which the endomembranous system of the endoplasmic rectilium and Golgi apparatus is thought to have arisen3. This organism, dubbed the protoeukaryote engulfed a small heterotrophic prokaryote, shown on Fig.2 as the ancestor of mitochondrion9. Pearson Education Inc. http://topicstock.pantip.com/wahkor/topicstock/2009/09/X8338687/X8338687-8.jpg The second hypothesis, in contrast, considers that there could have been a nucleus was formed after the acquisition of the protomitochondrion, when a member of the Archaea acquired the bacterial ancestor of the mitochondrion through endocytosis11. This is known as the hydrogen hypothesis, proposed by Martin and Muller (1998), who claimed that the symbiotic relationship between the two cells was initially based on the hosts dependence on the hydrogen, evolved by the symbiont as a by-product of anaerobic respiration, as a source of energy. The nucleus was formed from the mitochondrial DNA from the symbiont and the free DNA residing in the nucleus12. Both models thus involve the transfer of a large portion of mitochondrial DNA to the host nucleus, resulting in the dependence of the symbiont upon the host. An alternative hypothesis has recently been forwarded by Davidov and Jurkevitch, who propose that the ancestors of mitochondria were not endocytosed by Archaea but were predators that penetrated the host and devoured the host. The prey managed to survive and established a mutualistic relationship as in the previous hypotheses. (Davidov, Jurkevitch cited by Zimmer, 2009) This appears to be supported by the finding that certain species Rickettsia, obligate intracellular parasites, have more similar genomes to the than mitochondrion13 14. However the eukaryotic cell arose, abundant evidence has accumulated that supports the endosymbiotic theory, and the evidence of similarities relating to different functions of bacteria and mitochondria are reviewed in this essay. There is also an increasing body of experimental evidence that suggests that endosymbiotic events occur in modern cells, and two such experiments and their implications on the endosymbiotic theory are reviewed here. Aside from these experiments, the evidence presented in this essay relates entirely to the emergence of mitochondria. The Mitochondrial Genome Mitochondria possess their own genomes that replicate that replicate independently from the nucleus, using DNA polymerases specific to the mitochondria. These processes, as well as the subsequent DNA transcription and protein synthesis take place in the matrix of mitochondria and occur throughout the cell cycle, which parallels the situation in bacteria but is not true of nuclear DNA2. The DNA of mitochondria is a single circular molecule of roughly the same size as the bacterial genome, and has a mean GC content ranging from 20-50%. This is close to the variation found in bacterial species and greater than observed for eukaryotes, reflecting phylogenetic relationships of mitochondria and bacteria2. Furthermore, like bacterial DNA, the DNA of mitochondria lacks both intervening sequences and the organisation into histones present in bacteria3. Comparative molecular sequencing of mitochondrial genes and the RNA they encode has revealed that the mitochondrial genome is more closely rel ated to that of organisms such as the ÃŽÂ ±-proteobacterium Rickettsia prowazekii than to the rest of the eukaryotic cell, indicating an extracellular origin10 15. Similar sequencing by Ito and Braithewaite has revealed that yeast mitochondrial DNA polymerase I is homologous in amino acid sequence the DNA polymerases, of E. coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae in both the 3-5 exonuclease and DNA polymerase domains. The similarity of the DNa replication machinery further implies that mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes. While nuclear DNA is contributed by both parents in sexual organisms, mtDNA is contributed almost entirely by the oocyte16. The symbiotic concept accounts for this non-mendelian mode of inheritance and indicates the evolutionary importance of maintaining uniparental heredity of nonchromosomal genes, due to the inherent redundancy that results from the fusion of gametes, This ensure that at least one copy of the organellar genome is maintained at each stage in the eukaryotic cells life cycle3. DNA sequence analysis has also demonstrated the presence of mitochondrial DNA in the nucleus17. Biologists originally believed that the nuclear DNA of the eukaryote coded for mitochondria. However, Margulis reasoned that, if the endosymbiotic hypothesis represents the true course of events in the evolution of mitochondria, then upon entering a symbiotic partnership, the symbionts would lose all synthetic capabilities except the ability to replicate their own DNA. It has been shown that that the proteins that mediate function of the mitochondrion are encoded both in the mitochondrial and the nuclear genome and must be imported to the mitochondrion, shown in Fig.3 which supports Margulis hypothesis. Margulis Although many mitochondrial genes have been found in the nucleus, nuclear genes direct the synthesis of only some of the proteins from which they are made, thus cells which lack mitochondria cannot generate them1. This appears to be the result of extensive gene transfer that took p lace after the endosymbiotic event which brought the two cells together. The transfer of essential genes to the host nucleus resulted in the progressive loss of independence after the host acquired the symbiont, resulting in an organelle unable to survive in oxic conditions outside the host3. O Daley proposes that the large transfer of mitochondrial DNA may have been the result of evolutionary pressure to accumulate DNA inside the nucleus, due to increased genetic variation 17 18.The High rate transfer of DNA between the nucleus and mitochondria demonstrates that the incorporation of the mitochondrial genome into the eukaryotic cell was vital in defining the eukaryotic genome18. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc., usually as some form of binary object. The name of referred object is ch14f62.jpg. Fig 3: Transfer of nuclear precursor proteins from the nucleus to the mitochondrion and subsequent production of mitochondrial protein. Red arrows indicate the site of action of a specific inhibitor of either nuclear or mitochondrial protein synthesis, discussed in more detail later in of this essay. From Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and James D. Watson (1994) Molecular Biology of the Cell. 3rd edition, Garland Publishing Inc., New York. Lipid membranes Possibly the most convincing evidence of the extracellular origin of mitochondria is the similarity between the inner mitochondrial membrane and the membrane possessed by bacteria. Mitochondria are surrounded by two phospolipid membranes, and while the outer membrane resembles the eukaryotic membranes, including the membranes of other cellular organelles such as that of the nucleus and endoplasmic rectilium, the innermost membrane is chemically distinct to those found elsewhere in the eukaryotic cell6. Furthermore, Microscopic observation has enabled the comparison of cristae, invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane, shown in Fig.4, to bacterial mesosomes, shown in Fig.5. Both structures increase the surface area of their respective membranes and provide a site for the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Margulis has suggested that the similarity between mitochondrial cristae and the mesosomes possessed by many species of Bacteria (Fig. 5) also alludes to the extracellula r origin of mitochondria3. Consistent with the endosymbiotic theory, it has been reasoned that the inner membrane once belonged to the bacterial symbiont, and that the outer membrane was a remnant of the phagocytic vacuole in which the symbiont was engulfed by the host cell, resulting in the development of cristae from mesosomes9. Left: Fig.1: Structure of an idealised mitochondrion as compared to an electron micrograph. Illustrates the double membrane structure and the infoldings of the inner membrane known as cristae on which oxidative phosphorylation occurs. Adapted from: Dr Jay Pitocchelli, Saint Anslem College (2001) Lecture Notes for Cell Biology. Available: http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/ jpitocch/genbio/mitochondrion.JPG [accessed 27/04/10] Right: Fig. 5 : Electron micrograph of thin section of T.dentrificans showing inverted Y form of simple mesosome-like body. From: J W Greenawalt and T L Whiteside (Dec 1975). Mesosomes: membranous bacterial organelles. Bacteriological Review. 39(4): 405-463. The inner mitochondria and bacterial membranes also share many biochemical features. Table 2 illustrates the observations made by Parsons, that the outer mitochondrial membrane is more similar in density and lipid composition to that of the endoplasmic reticulum of Serratia than of the inner mitochondrial membrane3 19. It has also been noted that ÃŽÂ ²-barrel transmembrane proteins are exclusively found in the bacterial membranes and in the outer membrane of mitochondria, and that the amino acid sequences of these proteins show high similarity6. Additionally, LACTB, a protein that derives from bacterial penicillin-binding protein of peptidoglycan, has been found in the intermembrane space of eukaryotic mitochondria20. While mitochondria lack peptidoglycan, the presence of a vestigial peptidoglycan-forming protein provided further evidence that mitochondria are descended from bacteria. Table 2: Comparison of structural features and lipid composition of inner and outer Mitochondrial membranes and ER of Serratia. Adapted from D.F. Parsons (1867) Ultrastructural and molecular aspects of cell membranes. Proceeings of the Seventh Canadian Cancer Research Conference 7:193-246. The nature of the mitochondrial respiratory system raises another significant line of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory. The production of energy via the electron transport chain by mitochondria is associated only with the inner membrane, as in prokaryotes, and does not occur in the outer membrane, as evidenced by the difference in electron transport protein content in the mitochondrial membranes, shown in Table 29. Additionally, the membrane potential across the inner membrane that is necessary for the production of ATP is not found in the outer membrane of the mitochondrion or in eukaryotic membranes. Table 3 also demonstrates that that bacteria such as P. denitrificans and mitochondria share many respiratory features, such as the sensitivity of the oxidative chain to antimycin, which disrupts proton gradient formation across the membrane. Furthermore, the electron-transport chains of bacteria and mitochondria both contain a membrane-bound enzyme complex that accepts ele ctrons solely from ubiquinone-10 quinine carrier3. Taken together, this evidence supports the theory that the outer membrane of mitochondria was formed from the vesicular membrane during an endosymbiotic event and the inner membrane formed from the prokaryote engulfed2. Table 3: Mitochondrial features of Paracoccus denitrificans Illustrates the similarities of the respiratory system of mitochondria to the systems of Paracoccus , that are also found in many other bacteria. These strikingly similar respiratory features indicate that microbes such as P. denitrificans may be the ancestors of mitochondria. Many of these features are found in other bacteria. After Whateley (1977) Adapted from Lynn Margulis. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution (1981) W.H.Freeman Co Ltd. Respiratory Chain Succinate and NADH dehydrogenases Ubiquinone-10 is the sole quinine Cytochromes a and a3 act as oxidase Sensitive to low concentrations of antimycin Oxidative Phosphorylation Respiratory control is released by ADP or by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation ATPase has tightly bound nucleotise exchangeable on energization Membrane Phospholipids Phosphotidylcholine is the main constituent All fatty acids are straight-chain and monounsaturated Mitochondrial division The way in which mitochondria divide also provides evidence for their extracellular origin. It has been shown that these organelles multiply semi-autonomously, not through mitosis as eukaryotic cells are, but rather through a process similar to binary fission of pre-existing organelles21. Mitochondria been found to possess dynamin proteins, mechanochemical GTPases, that are related to the FtsZ, filamentous temperature sensitive, proteins found in bacteria. Bacterial FtsZ2 proteins interact to form a divisome ring complex that from a division furrow from outside, a similar mechanism has been observed by the Dnm1 protein of mitochondria, where the proteins constrict the membrane from the outside, illustrated in Fig. 6. Furthermore, evidence of FtsZ proteins have been found in the mitochondria of the alga Mallomonas splendens that are proteins closely related to those of ÃŽÂ ±-proteobacteria. The FtsZ protein is located in patches on the mitochondrial membrane, near the centre or at the ends of mitochondria, similar to the location of Dnm1. The similarities in the molecules involved in initiating bacterial and organelle division further emphasise the evolutionary ties that these organelles have to bacteria.9 22 23 Fig. 6: A model of the mechanism of mitochondrial division: Dynamins are targeted to their site of action by other proteins. After modification by GTP, Dynamins from rings that tighten around the site of division and constrict to cut the mitochondrion into two. This mecahism parrales that of FtsZ, the tubulin protein of bacteria. Adapted from: Suzanne Hoppins, Laura Lackner, and Jodi Nunnari (2007) The Machines that Divide and Fuse Mitochondria. Annual Review of Biochemistry Vol. 76: 751-780 Ribosomal Similarities The protein-synthesising machinery of mitochondria shares more similarities with bacteria than that of the eukaryote cytoplasm. For example, the initiating amino acid in the transcripts of bacteria and mitochondria is N-formylmethionine, whereas protein synthesis in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells begins with methionine. The structure of the mitochondrial ribosomes also differs from those found in the eukaryotic cytoplasm, in that they are more similar in size and share the same subunit structure, described in Table.1 3 9. The sequences of 16S ribosomal RNAs are closer to certain aerobic eubacteria than many other bacteria are, for example, Wolters and Erdmann have confirmed, by phylogenetic analyses, that the primary and secondary structure of 5S and 16S rRNA of angiosperm mitochondria share specific signatures with a particular type of purple bacteria, the rhodobacteria25. Conversely, mitochondria show no homologies in these traits with the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm3. These similar ities appear to confirm the phylogenetic relationship of these organisms and the organelles. Similarities between the ribosomes of bacteria and mitochondria are further evidenced by the action of a number of antibiotics that affect only bacterial, mitochondrion ribosomes protein-synthesising machinery. Fig. 3, above, demonstrates specific inhibitors of protein synthesis. These similarities the action of antibiotics between three types of ribosomes are illustrated in Table 4 3. For example, neomycin and streptomycin act by binding the 30S subunit of mitochondria and bacteria and inhibiting protein chain initiation, while chloramphenicol blocks the attachment of amino acid to tRNA9. None of these chemicals interfere with protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes. Conversely, cyclohexamide and anisomycin affect only the protein synthetic machinery of eukaryotic cells, and have no inhibitory effects on mitochondria or on bacteria. Another example, rifampicin, inhibits the RNA polymerase of bacteria and mitochondria, but has no such effect on eukaryotic nuclear RNA pol ymerase. It is notable that each antibiotic, except for Puromycin, affects both mitochondrial and bacterial or cytoplasmic ribosomes, and this would appear to suggest a relationship between the protein synthesising machinery of mitochondria and that of prokaryotic bacteria from which they were thought to have originated3. Experimental Evidence Laboratory experiments have been conducted to confirm the establishment of endosymbioses in several organisms. Kwang Jeon of the University of Tennessee has demonstrated that, under laboratory conditions, it is possible to observe the establishment of a stable amoeba-bacteria symbiosis. After over 20 years of culture, a strain of Amoeba proteus became infected with a large number of bacteria. These became integrated as necessary cell components after initially being pathogenic to the host cells26. The amoebas dependence on the endosymbiotic bacteria was also demonstrated by removing the nucleus of an infected cell and placing it into another cell that had previously had its nucleus removed. Treatment with chloramphenicol also killed the majority of the endosymbiotic bacteria, which rendered the amoebae unable to survive. Thus, Jeon had proven that the host nucleus had become dependent on the symbionts 3, 27. Finally, Okamoto and Inouye have shown that some organisms can take opportunistic advantage of a similar process to endosymbiosis, by observation of a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a unicellular green alga and used the products of its photosynthesis. Inside the host cell, the alga underwent morphological changes, including the loss of flagella and cytoskeleton. The heterotrophic host switched its source of nutrition and became an autotroph, and became capable of phototaxis, the ability to move towards light. (Kimball, 2007) The acquisition of the alga by the protist and subsequent changes in both cells are believed to represent the early stages of a secondary endosymbiosis in process, and the conclusions of both experiments illustrate the possibility of secondary endosymbiosis occurring in modern cells in a similar way in which the symbionts from which mitochondria are descended were acquired28. Conclusion Based upon the large body of available evidence contributed by scientists in the years since the endosymbiotic hypothesis was first proposed, including the conclusions of various experiments and the sequence data of nucleic acids and proteins, I have concluded that modern eukaryotic cells arose by a stable incorporation of prokaryotic endosymbionts. This dramatic change was then the driving force behind the evolution of new species and eventually more complex organisms4. However, the question of which order eukaryotes came to possess nuclei and respiratory organelles is still the subject of much debate, and the fact that some genes remain encoded in the mitochondria rather than being completely transferred to the nucleus has not been accounted for16. Despite these uncertainties, the endosymbiotic theory remains the most probable explanation for the similarities between mitochondria and Bacteria, and the large disparity between Bacteria and eukaryotes. The next steps in the developmen t of this theory may require new methods of reconstructing events that occurred billions of years ago, in order to answer one of the greatest uncertainties in evolutionary biology, regarding the origin of the eukaryotes.

Lord Of The Flies Essay :: essays research papers

The book, Lord of the Flys, can be interpreted in many different ways. Depending on the point of view of the reader, William Golding has opinions on man and society. Golding is inaccurate for making the assumption that all people are born with evil within them and are not affected by their surroundings. In the book, the author uses a being called â€Å"the beast† to simulate the fear and evil people have inside. The boys on the island apparently see a beast in the forest, which scares them and gives them nightmares. Phil says at a meeting, â€Å"Last night I had a dream, a horrid dream, fighting with things. I was outside the shelter by myself, fighting with things, those twisty things in the trees.† Phil had heard things about he beast from other boys, which caused him to have the nightmare. He is a young boy, on an island with no supervision and is afraid of what’s is happening to him and where he is. Without thoughts of the beast, provoked from the other boys, Phil would never have experienced this nightmare. Not only the thoughts that the boys think affect them, but the things they see cause them to have evil intentions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Golding used a pig’s head on a stick called â€Å" the lord of the flys â€Å" as another animation to substitute the thoughts of evil and fear within the boys. Seeing the head causes Simon to have hallucinations of this head talking to him. The Lord of the Flys says â€Å"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .† After hearing this, Simon returns to the other boys, who are rallying around a fire, indulged in a victorious chant, and is soon trampled to death by the preoccupied boys. Being away from civilization has driven the boys to near delirium and as any person does, they easily got wrapped up in their success. These kids are too young and inexperienced to be alone in the world without any kind of